CONCEPT OF LOGISTICS PREVENTION DEVELOPMENT IN A DEFENCE SYSTEM

Logistics prevention should be viewed as a system (composed of subsystems and components), as a function (group of related tasks grouped according to certain criteria) and as a process (course of arranged events in time). Logistics prevention is a part of the overall defence system logistics suport which prevents the infringe of projected and present performances of a supported system. Logistics prevention, as a function, includes all measures and activities planned by logistics authorities and implemented by logistics authorities and non logistics personnel. They are aimed at preventing the occurence of phenomena and processes that negatively affect the ability and performances of a defence system. At a time of intense defence system organisational changes, the approach to logistics prevention should be systematic and adequately dealt with due to its significance. The principles related to design, preparation and operation of the whole defence logistics also relate to design, preparation and implementation of logistics preventive.


Introduction
If a defence system is to perform assigned tasks successfully, achieve results and high set goals and fulfill assigned missions, it is essential to have high-quality logistics support, an important segment of which are logistics prevention activities within all functions of logistics support.Logistics prevention implies a set of measures and procedures planned and organised by logistics administrative authorities, and realised by logistics units and nonlogistics personnel in the defense system, or, if necessary, appropriate entities outside the defense system.Preventive measures and procedures of logistics administrative and executive bodies are focused on preventing the occurrence of adverse events and processes that can act negatively on the ability of the defense system as a complex organisational and multilevel organisational system, in order to reduce the consequences of such events and processes.Prevention in the context of this work involves a holistic approach.It consists of prevention activities carried out by holders of logistics support (LoS) functions (health care, infrastructure, maintenance, supply, transportation, general logistics), prevention activities in the framework of joint LoS functions (planning, purchasing, sales, handling and disposal of material assets, payment services to third parties, etc.), and prevention of logistics character in the preparation and use of supported systems (preparation, equipment based on merit, development, use).Only in this way it is possible to approach prevention globally and act locally, ensuring maximum defense system readiness with optimised costs.
Logistics prevention has been treated differently by bearers of logistics functions.Therefore, achievements are different in each of the logistics functions.There was no common wiev on logistics prevention management among logistics functions as shown below in Table 1.

Examples of logistics preventive application in practice
There are many examples of intensifyng measures and procedures when logistics-related objects face some kind of unwanted state (Atanasković et al, 2012a, pp.191-199), (Atanasković et al, 2012b, pp.69-78).
In such situations, the organisation system performaces become vulnerable.In all logistics functions, there are many examples of implementing prevention activities since they have numerous benefits, some of which are shown further on in the paper.The result of friction and corrosion processes is wear and tear of materials.According to (http://www.harco.rs/o-podmazivanju.htlm/,2015), friction, wear and corrosion cause reduction of GDP for 4.5%.This amount is 3.5 mil.euros in the case of Federal Republic of Germany (mostly in energy).Tribology deals with finding solutions for losses caused by friction, wear and corrosion.
If tribology knowledge is applied in all phases of industrial processes, saving is possible.Saving is manifested through (Figure 1): -reducing energy spending due to friction reducing; -reducing costs of lubricants; -reducing maintenance costs; -fewer losses caused by failures; -increasing equipment efficiency and work time.Motor vehicles are machines exposed to wear and tear.Today's motor vehicles are sofisticated computer-controlled machines which need less care by consumers and have higher levels of reliability than their precursors.Regular periodical maintenance is important for reliable performances and saving on the road.Because of that, most of big companies sign maintenance contracts in the same time when purchasing new motor vehicles (http://autobusi.net,2015).
A large number of failures, especially in industries, lead to enormous costs.Saving is significant due to the implementation of infra red thermography (IRT) (http://www.termografija.rs,2015).Today, IRT is implemented in all areas of the human life (medicine, crime investigation, biology, mechanical engineering, everyday life).Infra red thermography is very important for technical systems diagnostics as a method which does not require halting working processes.Furthermore, IRT can be used for diagnostics of the state of the following equipment: -electricity and power supply equipment; -mechanical equipment; -building constructions; -industry machines; -transport infrastructure.
Infra red thermography can discover potential damage on buildings (Figure 2), and enable repair at favorable moments for consumers.In that manner, large scale damage can be avoided.Everyday life and powers of the nature point to the necessity to implement logistics prevention (http://studiob.rs,2015): "Frequent floods on the left Danube river bank are a consequence of uncleaned canals (Figure 3).In order to prevent this, their cleaning has began (http://studiob.rs,2015)."Preventive reactions are also very important in the logistics field of health care.Regular preventive inspection enables detecting diseases in their initial phase and gives greater chances for full and permanent recovery.Inadequate preparation of medical staff and a lack of complete information about the injured could have unforeseeable consequences, as confirmed by the death toll after the Russian special forces action in the Dubrovka Theater in 2002.
Given the fact that a human life is priceless, we can emphasise that safety and health at work represent a group of activities which, besides having a human character, contributes significantly to material saving.
The improvement of the present state of defence logistics, as described in this paper, is reflected in the fact that military logistics and its prevention activities should function in accordance with the systematic approach to the management principles and logic of large organisation systems, taking into account particularities of individual logistics functional areas, time requirements and achievements in domestic and world practice as stated above.
The main aim of logistics prevention implementation is to recognize and preemt user requirements.

Development of the logistics prevention concept
Logistics prevention contributes to raising the level of awareness of logistics service users and contributes to creating conditions for less logistics resources involvement.In that manner, the whole logistics support of the defence system becomes cheaper.
The concept of development of logistics prevention is influenced by the present state of logistics services and numerous factors such as: -physionomy of contemporary challenges, risks and threats; -legal and system documents in the defence field; -structure and size of the army, its organisation and functioning mode; -achieved level of development of weapons and military equipment; -achieved level of development of the logistics infrastructure and task execution technology in logistics functions; -level of logistics culture in the defence system; -characteristics of logistics requests; -defence policy.Logistics prevention should be constantly adjusted to supported system requests; on the other hand, supported systems must be designed taking into account logistics prevention requests.Supported systems also need to adapt to the possibilities of logistics systems (Atanasković et al, 2009, pp.127-139), (Pamučar et al, 2016).
The principles related to design, preparation and functioning of defence logistics also relate to design, preparation and functioning of logistics prevention.
Certain elements of logistics prevention are already built in the defence logistics system in order to perform its tasks shown below in Table 2. Logistics prevention involves two groups of tasks: -tasks of preparing logistics prevention; -tasks of implementing logistics prevention.
The phases of logistics prevention organisation and common tasks realised within the frame of logistics functions are shown in Table 3. Education of logistics personnel in the field of logistics prevention.
Monitoring the key performance indicators of logistics prevention and measuring business parameters to determine business performance.
Education of management personnel in the field of logistics prevention.
Practical application of acquired knowledge by improving the state of logistics prevention within one's functional jurisdiction.
Education of nonlogistics personnel in the field of logistics prevention and promotion of preventive culture.
Pactical application of acquired knowledge by improving the state of logistics prevention within one's functional jurisdiction.
Consideration of control measures in logistics prevention.

Control of realization of implementation of logistics prevention measures.
Identifying the requirements of compatibility in the field of logistics prevention.

Control of compliance with the applicable regulations of logistics prevention.
The study of legal acts, regulations and standards relating to the organisation and technology of logistics prevention.

Proposing amendments to logistics prevention regulations.
Training subordinates in the application of prescribed measures and activities (individual and collective) in accordance with the prescribed time and exploitation resources and other principles and standards.
Monitoring experiences and trends in the field of prevention in other organisations.
Monitoring the key performance indicators of logistics prevention and measuring business parameters to measure logistics prevention success.
Revisiting the representativeness of the key performance indicators of logistics prevention and methods for their measurement.
Preparation and implementation of logistics prevention should be considered regarding the levels of the defence system organisation and structure (especially the Army as its most important part) and regarding the logistics system organisation and structure.In that process, all phases of the defence system life cycle and their respective tasks should be covered.A simplified model of a logistics prevention organisation in the defence system is shown in Table 4.

Elements of the concept of logistics prevention development
Necessary elements of the concept of logistics prevention development are logistics functions performance indicators and quantitive indicators of logistics needs and abilities (number of members, surface area, volumes, time resources, exploitation resources, work ability, capacities, overhaul ability, etc.).
Design of logistics processes and dimensioning their resources (personnel, equipment, object, facilities) must be carried out for the most unfavorable system condition (extreme load).The degree of filling for a specific state is regulated by management decisions.The system's ability to move fast from one state to another must be taken into account (from peace to the state of war) where implementing its own transformation and the transformation of the supported system must be carried out at the same time.
Based on the aforementioned (Project "VA -TT/6/13-15", 2015), it can be concluded that the approach to the development of logistics prevention must be holistic.The elements that must be considered in the concept of logistics prevention development are as follows: -Managing personnel (addmision in the logistics system, staff training management, necessary knowledge, skills, habits, attitudes, training, education and specialisation, leaving the logistics system); -Equipment and supplies from the logistics jurisdiction (defining the scope and quality needs and ways for their procurement); -Equipment and supplies necessary for logistics unit activities (defining the scope and quality needs and ways of their procurement); -Logistics infrastructure (facilities, plants, installations, etc.); -Peacetime and wartime organisation schemes of logistics bodies and units; -Peacetime and wartime individual and material formations of logistics bodies and units; -Logistics bodies jurisdictions and tasks in accordance with the army organisation levels; -Optimising the implementation of logistics processes and information, material and energy flows in defence logistics; -Logistics norms, logistics military literature and documentation; -Logistics defence planning and logistics support planning; -The principles of the constitution and functioning of logistics; -Method of functioning of logistics bodies and units and the method of executing logistics tasks; -Logistics support to logistics bodies and units; -Logistics information system (Andrejić et al, 2010, pp.33-61); -Degree of internal organisation within the logistics system and coordination of functioning of logistics bodies at different hierarchical levels; -Degree of readiness (availability) and reliability of logistics services, bodies and units for the implementation of tasks in each of assigned missions; -Army training for the preparation and execution of logistics operations; -Resources required for the development of logistics services (by type, quantity and quality); -Application of the concept of integrated logistics support in equipping the Army with armament and military equipment (Andrejić & Sokolović, 2009, pp.32-53); -Improving logistics aspects of training, education and specialisation of nonlogistics personnel; -Modeling of logistics units for usual (standard) and "ad hoc" tasks; -Modalities of the reliance of logistics in the Army on the state logistics; -Logistics interoperability; -Control parameters and evaluation of achieved status, performance and quality of work of logistics units; -Focal points and priorities in the theoretical and operational functioning of the logistics system, -Management of the development and operation of logistics.
The developing concept of logistics prevention requires active work, energetic and coordinated actions of all logistics subjects in the defence system.
Investment in personnel, organisational and tehnological modernization, equipment, plants and installations modernization and management, should not be regarded as a cost but as investment for better future for logistics services and the overall defence system.
The concept of logistics prevention development as an intelectual and philosophical idea must be followed by a detailed logistics prevention operation plan.It must get answers to the following questions: What?, Who?, How? Until when?, Where?, Who with?, How?, With what and how to realise it?,How much does it cost?and Who provides resources?

Conclusion
The data reported in this paper, as a result of the observation of a real logistics support system, show that certain LoS functions have developed preventive actions and this characteristic makes them more effective in practice.In addition, there is still a lot of space for the existing state of the logistics prevention to become more perfect.Development and full implementation of the proposed concept of logistics prevention significantly contribute to the rationalization of many demands in appearance, optimising the structure and dimensioning of logistics elements, reducing the stress of the system, reducing costs and increasing efficiency and effectiveness.The overall quality of logistics prevention depends on the quality of the application at the place where logistics requirements appear, but also on the quality of the design of logistics prevention carried out at higher hierarchical levels of the logistics system organisation.The battle for a high level of readiness, availability and long life of the system (organisational, technical and biological) is won with high quality logistics prevention.Failures due to the imperfections of the logistics prevention system (poorly-designed) or due to insufficient quality functioning of logistics prevention generate significant negative consequences in the system in a form of unnecessarily high costs, failure to execute specific tasks or loss of life (Generalštab Vojske Srbije, 2009).During the design and implementation of organisational changes in defense logistics, all elements of the logistics system functions and processes should be viewed critically and in terms of benefits for the preparation and implementation of logistics prevention (Stanojević et al, 1999, p.651).One way of improving the quality of logistics prevention is timely recognition of user's requests and responses to them, based on an adequate information system and rapid transport (Andrejić & Ljubojević, 2009, pp.15-27).While searching for an optimal model of logistics prevention, what should be taken into account is logistics interoperability (both at the national and international level), developed in accordance with the dynamics of integrations in the field of defense and our real possibilities.

Table 1 -
Review of prevention activities related to logistics functions

Table 2 -
Logistics prevention elements implemented in the system of logistics support design process Services for the purpose of dressing.Communal services.Energy services.Furnishing facilities and production and service plants.Accommodation and service activities (accommodation of personnel, laundry and dry cleaning equipment, bathing and dressing, barber, tailoring and shoemaking services, payment services for the provision of energy products and electricity, maintenance and production of general logistics equipment).Service standards of general logistics services.Other general logistics needs.Elements of the quality of life.
SUPPLYThe correct expression of the need for equipment; establishing the standards, criteria and norms for rations; research of the market and supply sources; defining the focus and priorities, monitoring, inventory management of stored materials.INFRASTRUCTUREPlanning spatial development and alignment with the needs of defense system.Management of real estate and rights related to real estate.Current and investment (capital) maintenance.Preventive and corrective maintenance of thermal power plants.