ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY AND EFFICIENCY OF USING DRIBBLE IN THE EUROPEAN BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP IN POLAND IN 2009

This study was primarily aimed at detecting dribbling techniques, used in the European Championship in Poland, their frequency and effi ciency. Secondary goal of the research was to explain the game of basketball in offense in a more exact way according to the analysed technical and tactical dribbling activities. In the sample of eight games four variables were observed: time of using dribble, different starts of dribble, dribble course and dribble fi nish. Observation protocol was applied on each game and on each player separately. According to the acquired data it can be concluded that eight games at the 2009 European Championship in Poland were dominated by the dribbling technique which was characterised by crossover step, in which cross over dribble was most used and most frequent fi nish was in passing after stop. When it comes to the time of using dribble, it is evident that all the observed teams had almost the same time of using dribble, but that also the time of using dribble partly affected fi nal placement, because the teams which used it the least played in the fi nals , Spain 31.28 minutes and Serbia 32.28 minutes. The team that used dribbling the least became the champion, and that was the team of Spain.


INTRODUCTION
Within the group of sports games, basketball stands out as an outstandingly complex game with very specifi c structural and functional characteristics (Trninic, 1996).Basketball is often defi ned as a polistructural complex sport, with basic characteristics of constant confl ict of two groups of players on a relatively small space according to the number of players that participate in a game (Hajnal, 1990).
Talking about dribbling, as a specifi cally basketball element of the game, it is necessary to remind of some facts about basketball origin.It is known that basketball was created and founded by Dr. James Naismith (1861Naismith ( -1939)), the instructor of physical education at the International YMCA Training School in Springfi eld, the state of Massachusetts.From those days up to now basketball has constantly gone an upward path and became one of the most worldwide spread and most attractive team sport in the world (Hofman, 2000).In the year 1896 students of Yale University fi rst started to dribble in play, and that practically meant the introduction of dribble in basketball (Wolff, 1991).The same year, within the YMCA an offi cial committee for game rules was established which accepted dribble as the game element.Permanent development of basketball and its progress caused the appearance of new technics of dribble.Dribble is an integral part of the game of basketball and it is of a signifi cant importance for individual and team game.Like passing, dribble is one of the ways the ball is moved in game.That is the only element of the game technque which allows a player to cross majority of the court with the ball.The player alternately makes and loses contact with the ball using one hand.The rules of the game do not allow contact with the ball with both hands at the same time (Karalejic at al., 1998).Also, game rules do not allow dribble to be stopped and started again.Many players consider dribble to be the fi rst and most important offense weapon.But, that kind of approach to dribble carries a danger from its abuse (inapplicability, uselessness).This means using dribble without a real reason.Therefore, it is most important for players to be given a real picture and explained the purpose of dribbling.
In the organisation of offense, dribble may appear in eight basic situations (Karalejic and Jakovljevic 2001): (1) taking out the ball from the box after winning the ball in defence when is not possible to pass to a playmate (or in offense for the organisation of new offense); (2) to conquer the court when playmates are not open for pass, especially against pressing; (3) ball transport in the organisation of counterattack; (4) penetration to the basket; (5) tying an opponent player to yourself and forming free space to a playmate; (6) setting position offense; (7) improving your own position or angle according to the basket before passing the ball to a playmate; (8) creating a favourable position for your own shot.A dribbler must be able to dribble equally well with his left and right hand, to protect the ball while dribbling, to have a good control over the ball, and a good game overview.The dribble is more kinaesthetic and tactile than visual ability, since during the dribble a dribbler does not control the ball with his eyes but must keep his head up to control the situation on the court (Karalejic and Jakovljevic, 2008).In addition, Karalejić et al. (2009) have shown the existence of signifi cant correlation between the scores on tests of basketball players dribbling skills and cognitive abilities.Speed of jobs realization in basketball game is often crucial for success (Trninić, et al., 2010), and dribbling is the main element of players movement with the ball.
In tactical sense, a dribbler establishes dribbling only when there is no possibility for an effi cient passing, and once it is established, he must have the goal he wants to accomplish with dribble and must not interrupt it until an open playmate or a space for shot appears.Regardless of the kind of dribble, every dribble consists of three parts, i.e. there are three basic phases of dribbling: dribble start, dribble course and dribble fi nish.Most common ways of starting dribble are: crossover step (for example, player steps out with his left leg to the right side to establish dribble with the right hand), walking step (for example, player steps out with the left leg to the left side and establishes dribble with the left hand), lateral start (for example, a player in frontal level makes step out with his right leg to the right side and establishes dribble with the right hand), behind the-back start (for example, player steps out with the right leg back and establishes dribble with the right hand) and fake start when one or more fake moves precede dribble establishing.Course of dribble basically means straight line dribble and dribble with the change of movement direction.Basic ways of changing movement direction in dribble are: crossover dribble (ball is thrown from one hand to another in front of the body), between the legs dribble (ball is thrown from one hand to another between the legs), behind the back dribble (ball is thrown from one hand to another behind the back) and reverse dribble (ball is thrown from one hand to another by turning the whole body around one leg).The completion of dribble results in passing and shooting the ball.
This study considers dribble as a very important basketball element, and deals with its analysis on a big competition -2009 European Championship in Poland.We may fi nd the appropriateness of this analysis, taking into account the tendency of the development of modern basketball (game in transition, game is constantly speeding up), in the improvement of the whole methodology of training basketball players in the parts of training process which belong to technical and tactical preparation.Also, the analysis should point out to the issue of whether and how much can dribble itself (his frequency and effi ciency) infl uence fi nal placement in this European Championship.This analysis will try to answer and classify certain techniques of dribbling and their use.
This study was primarily aimed at detecting dribbling techniques, used in the European Championship in Poland, their frequency and effi ciency.Secondary goal of the research was to, upon analysed technical and tactical activities of dribbling, explain the game of basketball in offense in a more exact way, primarily from the aspect of existing differentiations of game positions compared to the application of technical and tactical elements: dribble and the elements of space in which they act.

METHOD OF WORK
Empirical-experimental method and general research technique -the technique of observation was used for the realisation of this research.Using this method in scientifi c research means selecting a representative sample, which enables generalisation of the acquired results.By the application of this method of knowledge acquisition it is possible to research the content of technical and tactical activities which are the subject of this analysis, and which are happening in the phase of offense in fi rst class European national teams.

Research sample
European Championship in basketball is a fi rst class competition where innovations and the trend of development of modern basketball through the activities of the best European players and teams can be recognised.Because of that, the games from the championship present a representative model for research, while the players of those games are a representative sample.Sample of research consisted of four national teams, fi nal participants of the European Championship in basketball held in Poland in 2009 (Spain, Serbia, Greece and Slovenia), that is, of their players who participated in this competition.In the research totally eight games were analysed: four quarter fi nal games, two semi-fi nal games, the game for the third place and the fi nal game.Placement of teams at the championship was: 1. Spain 2. Serbia 3. Greece 4. Slovenia

Research procedure and the sample of variables
Variables are acquired by observation and selected as primary for the subject of analysis.They are set as the result of basic theoretic, practical principles, which belong to the game of basketball and its evolution.Variables are acquired by watching videos of the championship on the computer or DVD.The materials are taken over from TV channel RTS2.Systematic monitoring was done a couple of times in the period of one month and for that purpose a special watching list (sheet) was constructed.

Statistical data processing
Given that the research leads to empirical facts, the research results are presented in quantitative values.Descriptive statistics was used as the fi rst aspect of quantitative analysis.In this way phenomena of interest for this research were described.Out of statistic descriptive parameters, in the analysis frequency distribution was used for each variable expressed in the form of suspension of statistical series, i.e., nominal statistical scale.Absolute values, percentages and mean values were presented.which used dribble more won the game for the third place and that was the national team of Greece (11.3 min), Slovenia (10.3 min.).The reason probably lies in the fact that the team of Greece had a very small number of fast breaks and secondary offensive attacks and based the game primarily on positional game with longer offensive attacks and the accent mostly on inside game.

Dribble start
The frequency of dribble starts is showed for all teams in table 2: cross-over step (CS), walking step (WS), behind the back start of dribble (BBSD) and fake start of dribble (FSD).It can be seen that cross-over step was dominant with all teams (970 times or 65% from the total number of all starts), while walking step is on the second place according to usefulness (349 times or 23% from total number of starts).These data point out that the team which less actively kept the ball in their hands won in the fi nals.The fact is that the game of basketball is speeding up more and more and that the tendency of game in transition offense is present , which suits the teams that use dribble less in that phase of offense.In the fi nal game, Spain used dribble for a longer period of time than Serbia, and the reason for that probably lies in the early achieved result advance which the team of Spain achieved at the beginning of the game and which it kept till the end of the game by 'saving the ball', i.e., by longer positional offensive attacks and keeping score difference by permanent players replacements and big pressure in the phase of defence.
In the controlled positional game the isolation was often done and also the space for game 1:1 was looked for, while full time for offense (24 seconds) was used to the maximum, and the game of the attacker with the ball was expressed fully.The team

Time of using dribble
Table 1 illustrates total time of using dribble (TUD), number of offensive attacks (NO) and average time of one offensive attack (ATOO) of the fi rst four teams.We may conclude that all four teams used almost the same time of dribble, and that the time of using dribble had some effect on the fi nal placement because in the fi nals featured the teams, which used it in the least period: Spain 31.28 min.and Serbia 32.28 min.Greece had the ball in possession for the longest period of time-35.73 min.and used dribbling the most, on average -7.2 seconds per offense.The team of Spain, which used dribble the least became the champion.The reason for this domination of cross-over dribble compared to others surely lies in speed, simplicity and the best visibility while performing it.This change dominated in positional offense in which the players often used it by automatism, without functionality and on the spot, but also in the process of 'spending time ' in the fi nish of quarters, looking for spaces for the game 1:1.
In the favour of such frequency of cross-over dribble is certainly the lack of aggressiveness of defence players in some segments of the game, like individual tactics of defence, but also choosing collective defence in a given moment.Rolling dribble and behind the back dribble as technically more complex Cross-over step was most often used by the third-placed team of Greece (271), and least by the team of Serbia (225).Walking step is on the second place, most employed by the Greek players (132).Behind the back start of dribble was used the most by the fi rst-placed team of Spain (42), and the least by the national team of Slovenia (22).Both national teams had mobile tall players (Gasol and Lorbek) with excellent back starting dribble, but also with the game of facing the basket when they possess the ball.Krstic and Velickovic of the national team of Serbia also stood out in this element.
Fake start dribble was used the least (34 times or only 2% from the total number of starts).The reason for this domination of cross-over step compared to other starts should probably be looked for in referee criteria, more precisely in a player's fear of making infringement of the rules -travelling while using hesitation step, which can be faster.On the other hand, we must emphasize the starts (offensive) after ball reception, which were often used in game 1:1 and in opening fast breaks where offense players made a great advantage in the very fi rst step compared to the defence.

Dribble course
Table 3 shows the frequency of different changes of dribble direction of all teams together: cross-over dribble (COD), between the legs dribble (BLD), behind the back dribble (BBD) and rolling (reverse) dribble (RD).Cross-over dribble is used the most in the course of dribble (846 time or 61% from the total number of all direction changes).It must be mentioned that the same dribble was dominant is positional offense, but also was not rarely used in fast breaks and secondary offense (in the phase of ball transport) while gaining the space.Cross-over dribble was most often used by the players of Greece (310), and the least by the players of Serbia (143).Between the legs dribble or throwing the ball through the legs is on the second place (307 times or 23% of the total number) and players of Serbia used this change more than others (101).This change was used the least by the players of Slovenia (53).
`Rolling` (reverse) dribble is on the third place (182 times or 13% of the total number of all changes) and here Serbia was also leading (62).The least used is behind the back dribble (45 times or only 3% from the total number), more than others this dribble was used by the players of Spain. the mentioned action unit.Push pass as the fastest and most complex pass is on the second place according to frequency, and a great deal of those passes was, because of their speed, used mainly in fast breaks and secondary offense, and rarely in the positional game.
All four teams approximately used dribble the same amount of time (from 31.28 to 35.73 min.),and the team which used it the least became the champion: Spain 31.28.On eight games in the European Championship in Poland 2009 (sample of analysis of four fi rst placed teams) cross-over step dominated , and it was used 970 times or 65% from the total number of all starts.In the phase of dribble course, cross-over dribble was used the most (846 times or 61% from the total number of all changes of direction).Dribble fi nish was most often characterised by pass after stop (955 times or 58% from the total number of all fi nishes).but 'slower' are on the third and fourth place.Players of Serbia most often used reverse dribble because the players on small positions (Teodosic and Markovic) were under bigger pressure than other players.

Dribble fi nish
Table 4 indicates the frequency of different dribble fi nishes of all teams together: shot after pen-etration (SAP), push pass (PP), shot after stop (SAS) and pass after stop (PAS).Dribble fi nish was mostly characterised by a pass.On the fi rst place is pass after stop (955 times or 58% of the total number of fi nishes) and that action unit was used the most by Serbian team (268) and the least by the national team of Greece (212).
Push pass is on the second place (335 times or 20% of the total number of all fi nishes) and again it was used most often by the national team of Serbia (94).Finish after stop is on the third place (224 times or 13% of the total number of all fi nishes) and that fi nish was most often used by the national team of Greece (69) and the least by the national team of Slovenia (47).Shot after penetration is used the least in all games (150 times or only 9% from the total number), it was used most often by the players of Slovenia (40).
Considering the fact that defences are nowadays more aggressive and an offensive player is more inferior, it is not surprising that shot from penetration was used the least, and mainly in the situations of fast break fi nish 1:0, 2:1, and very rarely in the positional game 5:5 where players rarely tried to create themselves a position which they would solve by penetration.Similar situation is with jump shot which is on the third place in frequency, and one of the reasons, beside an aggressive defence in 1:1 situations, must be seen in the diffi culty (complexity) of performing When it comes to dribble fi nish, it may be concluded that shots are much less used compared to passes.Shots after penetration were used the least (only 150 achieved or 50 on average per game), and mostly in the situations of fi nishing fast break 1:0, 2:1, and very rarely in positional game 5:5, as well as jump shots.The most common fi nish of dribble was passing after stop.Push pass is on the second place and that must be taken in consideration during overall training methodology in the parts of training process which belong to technical and tactical preparation.It is noticeable that a very small number of push passes was used in positional game.Considering the diffi culty and complexity of this element and the aggressiveness that was manifested in this phase of the game, this data becomes very important.When we consider using pass as the fi nish of dribble it may be concluded that dribble is used mainly as a mean of organisation of offense.Taking into account the tendency of basketball development (the game is speeding-up more and more), it may be presumed that in the future more universal players with bigger repertoire of dribble will come into the picture, so the methodology of training dribble will be directed to the promotion of, up to now, more often and more commonly used techniques of dribble, as well as to the development of new and some neglected techniques of dribble.

CONCLUSIONS
This study has shown that eight games in the 2009 European Championship in Poland were dominated by the technique of dribble, characterised by cross-over step, in which cross-over dribble was most often used, and most often fi nished by pass after stop.Time of using dribble was approximately the same in all four teams.The winner of the championship -the team of Spain, used dribble the least.Spain played with more passes and fast transport of the ball, and players kept the ball actively in their hands for shorter period of time.
Considering the type of dribble start, crossover step dominated compared to the other types (970 times total on all games or 323 times per game).Beside this start, we must emphasize the starts (attacks) from receiving the ball which were often used in the cases of changing offense sides and in game 1:1, but also in opening fast break, where attackers made a big advantage in the very fi rst step compared to defence.This fact may be very important for the process of training and methodology of training dribble in the following period.Cross-over dribble was used most often (846 times in total or 282 times on average per game).It was dominant in positional offense, but was used in fast breaks and secondary offense too.
However, players often performed this change without developed functionality and on the spot, but also during 'spending time' during the fi nish of quarters looking for a space for game 1:1.Big frequency of cross-over dribble is probably the consequence of

3 .
Karalejić, M. i Jakovljević S. (2001).Osnove košarke.[Basics of basketball].Beograd: FSFV i VTŠ.4.Karalejić, M. i Jakovljević S. (2008).Teorija i metodika košarke.[Theory and methodic of basketball].Beograd: FSFV.the lack of aggressiveness of defence players.The application of different variants of cross-over dribble (inside-out) and their good effi ciency indicates the need for more intensive incorporation of those techniques of dribble in trainings.

Table 2
The frequency of dribble start: cross-over step (CS), walking step (WS), behind the back start of dribble (BBSD) and fake start of dribble (FSD)

Table 3 The
frequency of different changes of dribble direction: cross-over dribble (COD), between the legs dribble (BLD), behind the back dribble (BBD) and rolling (reverse) dribble (RD) all teams together

Table 4
The frequency of different dribble fi nishes: shot after penetration (SAP), push pass (PP), shot after stop (SAS) and pass after stop (PAS)