KNOWLEDGE IN ATHLETICS – FROM PRACTICE TO INNOVATIONS

Continuous improvement of practical and theoretical knowledge represents the basis for further cognitive paradigm and innovations leading to new, more e cient practice in athletics. e need for a rmation of knowledge (everything we know) stimulates the process of acquiring knowledge about a human in this sports discipline (ontological context) including knowledge based on scienti c-research work (methodological context). It is a fact that application of the scienti c method has led to new knowledge in favour of athletic practice and to establishment of new cognitive horizons in studying the scope of human sports performances. e source of knowledge is athletic theory and practice. At the same time they are the starting point for studying dynamics of human performances manifested through various athletic disciplines. For a number of analysers, results achieved on big athletic competitions provoked a discussion about platforms and ‘’conservation’’ of human abilities, whereas for the others it was a starting point for inquiry about the nal reach of knowledge about human athletic being (gnoseological context). e origin of knowledge about the athletic being of humans dates back to the ancient philosophy of Plato and Socrates. us it can be claimed that the source of knowledge is as old as discussions about nature of change of a human being under the in uence of exercising. In this study athletics is presented through the space of knowledge (subject of the study) integrating primordial and scienti c with the outcome such as new and e cient training and competition practice.


INTRODUCTION
Various scienti c-research and practical studies conducted by generations of experts led to formation of a system complex and complete enough in the areas of running, jumping and throwing, stimulating permanent development of training and competition technologies, re ected best in pushing the limits of a human athletic being.It can be said that knowledge leads to uncertain competition results.erefore, a raising question is what we should know about capacity of athletics as a sports branch to change knowledge about human biological, social, psychological and motor performances.is is the rst question to be asked while searching for the answer to the subject of studying athletics.Without clear de nition of this subject it will be di cult to formulate de nitions and taxonomy of knowledge about a cognitive human and the athletic being (ontological context).Methodology of athletics as objective and systematic knowledge searches for the meaning to ful l a process of acquiring knowledge and lead to a new practice.In order to conduct a survey in athletics, referential knowledge (empirical and theoretical substance) is necessary for comparison with and explanation of intrigues of a certain phenomenon (theory of athletics), that is, ''to form and classify theoretical principles and a summary of single pieces of knowledge according to gnoseological rules, where laws of the phenomenon and every individual case will result from.'' (Lalević 1974).
Methodology of athletics tries to perceive, study and explain facts and phenomena in their nature.
e rst natural element is a human -an athlete.In essence, application of the scienti c method leads to theories which systematically present knowledge about human nature or a group of phenomena integrated in athletics.Results of the scienti c method imply practical application, which methodology and gnoseology are directed at and which theory of athletics is established and developed on.
eory of athletics seeks and aims at knowledge which discovers principles and laws as well as improvement of performance of all participants of athletic training and competition (athletes, trainers and sports experts in all sports elds...).Knowledge about athletics has always been contemporary in each period of its development.In the latest big period of its development, and it is the Olympic movement, the aim is knowledge with clear methodological goals -and it is scienti c veri cation of psychomotor, motor, energetic, coordination criteria of an athlete's movement.is traditional corpus of scienti c interest implied the road to knowledge based on traditional common scienti c areas and additionally embodied science into training practice (system of sports sciences and other scienti c areas and systems).On the other hand, stimuli or directions for contemporary athletics development are connected with science of the third and the fourth industrial revolution.
Contemporaneousness does not imply that athletics renounced the ancient philosophical comprehension of human exercising being.In other words, its contemporaneousness is based on the ancient tradition full of philosophical disputes and opinions on ancient athletic practice shaped as its metatheory (ancient gnoseology, ontology and methodology).Its axiological side or its value context is very signi cant and it leads to an athlete acting in accordance with the highest human and divine norms.Generalisation of centuries of multiple human development through athletics can be shown through the process of getting knowledge and its methodology, that is through (Hassi, 1997): • research of some of the existing situations or problems; • research which will provide a solution to the problem; • research of so far existing theories; • research aimed at construction or creation of a new procedure or a system; • research o ering explanation of new phenomena; • research which will create new knowledge and • combination of two or more of the above listed situations.Each of these intentions aims, through methodology, at new facts to build new theories on or present previous theories with higher quality.A fact that should not be disregarded is that the purpose of research is equally important in order to enable a researcher to research certain aspects of athletics he/ she is interested in -in that way personal achievement can be added to the existing knowledge.e best way to develop personal understanding of a certain eld important for athletics is a rmation of its philosophy, its gnoseological, ontological and methodological side.Greco and Sosa (2004) advocate the viewpoint that theory of knowledge is launched by two main questions: "What is knowledge?" and "What can we know?".If we think that we can nd out something, as almost everybody thinks, the third main question rises "How do we know what we know?".Majority of things written in epistemology (deals with scienti c knowledge) and gnoseology (deals with the theory of knowledge) in all the times deals with at least one of these three questions.Kunzmann et al. (1991) quote Socrates's standpoint on knowledge: "Knowledge Socrates seeks is practical knowledge with cognition of good and evil, made safer by critical self-examination and aimed at real use in practice".

COGNITIVE SIDE OF ATHLETICS
Plato in his work "Laws" (1971) talked about a very signi cant phenomenon -the way knowledge is transferred.He thinks that a teacher should give all the knowledge to his student and a student should grasp it with gratitude: "Moreover, in this situation, we must give orders to both students and future teacherswhen in our laws we come to that issue -for the ones to follow their teaching with love and for the others to receive it with gratitude".He also talks about knowledge which re ects itself in knowing the essence of a problem and it is considered to be necessary for a doctor as well as for a trainer of athletes.
As opposed to Plato, Aristotle did not want to improve the world but to nd out everything that can be a subject of knowledge.Aristotle (1984) in his work "Politics" talked about knowledge necessary for both doctors and trainers of athletes.It is thought that knowledge about solving a problem should be provided by more than one competent person in order to agree with one another and reach the middle, that is the best solution.He says: ''Moreover, when doctors are ill they call other doctors (to treat them) and teachers of gymnastics do exercises in front of other teachers of gymnastics, because they cannot make the right decision about themselves since they are excited.erefore, it is clear that those who seek justice actually look for the middle, and law is the middle ".
Locke also talked about knowledge (Kunzmann, Burkardand Wiedman, 1991), one of the major representatives of British empiricism, that is philosophy based on experience.It is considered that every knowledge depends on experience and is subject to its control.His famous phrase is: " ere is nothing in our mind that was not previously in our senses."("Nihil est in intellectu quod antea non fuerit in sensu").His theory of knowledge is in the centre of Locke's philosophy, which is developed further in his work "Аn Essay Concerning Human Understanding".Its task is to clarify the origin and basis of human knowledge, as well as to nd the limits of knowledge.Locke says that an idea is everything that spirit perceives in itself or is a subject of direct perception, opinion or intellect.Experience has two sources: external sensitive perception (sensation) and internal self-perception (re ection).Ideas originating from these two sources are either simple or complex.
What is important to point out and /or give an answer to is whether there is a contemporary cognitive side of athletics in Serbia.e answer to this question can be looked for through the academic tradition of athletics.In the era of contemporary universities, knowledge represents the backbone of development of an individual and as well as of society.In connection with this, a rmation of all missions of a university (teaching, science, development of society) is important for development of sport and athletics.Jevtić (2017) summarises signi cant prerequisites of this university triad and emphasises that key competences, as a result of education contain knowledge, skills and entrepreneurial attitudes.He describes knowledge as a skill to identify business possibilities, skills are used for proactive action within a project task (planning, organization, management, monitoring, communication) in individual and team work, whereas entrepreneurial attitudes can be seen in initiative, proactivity, independence and innovativeness, motivation and rm orientation towards achieving goals.e author concludes that for participation in creating exercises, and in the same way it can be said for those in athletics, as a product which changes nature of an athlete, his social as well as his economic environment are necessary, as well as knowledge and skills, expert competencies gained through interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary academic network and education.Stefanović (2011) thinks that e cacy of a scientific development strategy in sport depends on ve elements: formal framework, aims, results, conditions of implementation and means.He says that projection of sports science development is the imperative for every state which has a wish to be successful in sports competitions, educational sta is necessary to exist -to de ne clearly what knowledge, abilities and skills every student should achieve within a particular educational pro le.He also says that on the basis of the European and UNESCO nomenclature of sciences, all knowledge students gain are rst classi ed into one of the scienti c elds and then into teaching disciplines.
is is why it is expected that new teaching plans and programmes have high transferring value in accordance with needs of all graduate students who will have the obligation to study during their whole working life.
What would be the essence of the previous quotes if not improvement of knowledge?D. And T. Hoobler (2002), while surveying Confucianism, wrote wise thoughts on increase of knowledge by Chu Hsi: "Increase of knowledge consists of researching things.
When things are researched, knowledge increases; When knowledge is increased, will becomes genuine; When will becomes genuine, mind becomes faultless; When mind is faultless, personal life is cherished... " Improvement of human knowledge re ects itself in an e ort to study the problem which previously was unknown systematically (however, in essence, every solution creates a new problem).us, for an athlete, participation in athletic competition should be the meeting point of his/her self (his/her abilities, skills, attitudes...), his/her knowledge (about him/ herself, about sport, about sports preparation, about preparation for competition ...) and skills.e ancient continuum of values is based on respect of rules and opponents.is is a signi cant prerequisite and measure of contemporary sports values, habits, the code of ethics ... but also of a wide range of di erent forms of knowledge with di erent names -without them there would be no athletes, no trainers, no training process and in this way no athletics.erefore, on the road to rising methodological, gnoseological and axiological in athletics, it is necessary, through logical and systematic approach, to structure a cognitive framework for success or in other words as metatheory of athletics understands it, careful and systematic gathering and application of means for solving a problem are necessary for development.By structuring a cognitive framework, possibilities for achieving excellence of all participants in athletic sport are increased.Since excellence is a goal of every human activity, and of sports (trainings and competitions) as well, multilateral knowledge, habits, skills became the basis for its a rmation.It can be said that athletics itself recognized a semantic trap which, at one period, made success in a competition equal with excellence, what led to a misunderstanding of excellence followed by a mistake in studying and in acquiring athletic knowledge, habits and skills necessary for support of needs and developmental tempo of each individual.Reaching excellence is most o en achieved by innovations.at innovative step is ful lled by theoretical and empirical knowledge.us, Ven (1997) says that "research implies careful and systematic means of solving a problem" and his opinion is that "good-quality research is a foundation of each scienti c discipline".Without well-designed and methodologically correctly conducted research, athletic disciplines would stagnate because the limit of an athlete, which has been talked about in the world of athletics since the beginning of its modern -Olympic status, would be reached without non-innovative and non-intriguing practice.However, there was a breakthrough at each level of expert-scienti c expertise which overcame boundaries in understanding complexity of a human sports being, intrigue of their soul and their body.
Tendencies which led to technological breakthrough of athletics in 20th and 21st centuries were accessibility of results of methodology of athletics, perceived as new knowledge and solutions for its practice."It is nice to make life more beautiful by new knowledge"."Inventas autqui vita mexcoluere perartes.",written on the back of a Nobel prize medal (Alfred Bernard Nobel), leads us to understanding the value of knowledge (quotes from Virgil's '' Aeneid'').
In accordance with the previously said, epistemologically perceived needs and abilities and nal range of athletic knowledge achievement, universities represent a place for its understanding, creation and dissemination." us, in Serbia, a project is being realized, which besides the existing two missions (teaching and research), should develop and implement the third mission of a university comprised of three pillars of development, and it is transfer of knowledge -technology and innovations, continuous studying, and achieving socially responsible behaviour of Serbian universities … because, common denominator for creators and disseminators of knowledge is prosperity of science and society based on innovations" (Jevtić, 2017). is is what academic essence (epistemiological and gnoseological) of athletic theory is, starting from a university departments towards training practice leading to excellence.Transfer of knowledge and technology into real training -competition situation leads to innovations which make an individual excellent and lls athletics with new records.

COGNITIVE BEING OF AN ATHLETE
It is a fact that science o ers new useful knowledge used in the eld of athletics.Knowledge about their own bodies is extremely important for athletes.
us, human movement rests on information coming from the limbs, the motor cortex, internal organs, external surrounding...All of these create neuro-motor prerequisites for keeping the position and orientation while moving.On the other hand, the largest number of stimuli is for those an athlete is not aware of (sometimes we are not aware of either value or mission of knowledge), but which have in uence on and change his/her consciousness and e ciency of movement.An individual reaches this self-knowledge through exercising.erefore, an athlete acquires knowledge through sports (motor skills, cognitive skills, social skills and knowledge, terms, concepts, principles, communication ...), stimulates understanding (of relations while moving, challenges, dangers) and application of acquired motor, social, cognitive and a ective skills in sports and in real life situations as well.An athlete develops analytical mind (understands entirety and its parts, as well as cause-and-e ect relationships of movement), synthesizes knowledge (synthesis of feelings, movements, moving, skills, habits, abilities...), makes conclusions and decisions (self-evaluation and evaluation)".In other words, by doing exercises an athlete closes the circle of knowledge and creates assumptions for new knowledge which will "challenge the current level of his/ her training performances".
e question which raises is whether a hurdler acquires knowledge when in 400m race he/she runs over the last -tenth hurdle and when his/her senses are less sensitive due to fatigue.At that moment an athlete di erentiates a large number of new information and also adapts them to the task and that is not to touch a hurdle frame and not to slow down running in the nish of the race.en, in order for a sense of sight not to cheat the body (in our case the swinging leg), a hurdler will jump over the hurdle signi cantly higher than necessary in order not to touch it.In this case experience is very important and sensations of fatigue become a challenge for new studying and new knowledge which in the following training will move a fatigue threshold when an athlete works on maintaining skills under conditions of high physical and psychical e ort.A sportsperson will work on the analysis and direction of information he/she receives during high degree fatigue and together with his trainer he/she will work on overcoming problems from the race.Consciousness and experience lead to quality skills and competition speed of a hurdler, just like Ava Arsenie advised everybody who came to him -what he taught others, he rst lived through himself (Sirin, 2000).Analysis of knowledge about oneself and movement embody natural knowledge reached only by self-research and on personal methods of research.Given competition situation is a sign or a trigger for a doubt or new self-evaluation.Saint Maxim the Confessor (1997) says: "A man is (spiritually) strong if he incorporates knowledge into his work".Holy father Justin Popović (Saint Isak Sirin, 2016) in chapter Gnoseology of Saint Isak Sirin says: "Knowledge is o spring of a healthy soul -γέννημα εστι τῦς ὐγείας τῦς ψυχῆς; and a soul can be cured by long practicing of virtues.ose who are perfect have healthy soul and knowledge is given to them.»Further on he says: «A conviction that the problem of knowledge in its basis is a religious-ethical problem reigns in gnoseology of Saint Isak Sirin ".And we know that even today there are the same requirements -ethic commission is asked to con rm authenticity of research.

ATHLETICS -FROM KNOWLEDGE TO INNOVATIONS
Alberts (2010) 1 pointed out directions of development of contemporary and future scientists in order to keep high level of scienti c standards.In the rst place, he talked about credibility of results of research.He emphasised that if a science is supposed to develop itself and take its relevant role in progress of the mankind, then it is duty of everybody in a scienti c community to help creation of scienti c environment with high ethical standards and creative productivity.is statement also exists in a scienti c mission of a university and University of Belgrade regulated this issue by Code of Professional Ethics, which applies to all written work done by teaching and scienti c sta .Ethical norms apply to all professors, research fellows and students and it refers to non-academic behaviour, among other things to originality and authenticity of research work.In the case of athletics, it can be concluded that sports workers should base their academic trend on high ethical standards which will lead to humane and ethical behaviour in experiments and theoretical analysis leading to originality and authenticity of results of research.
Today, it is very important to keep up with a trend of new knowledge useful for sport.Consequently, a question arises -how are knowledge and technology used in athletics?Stefanović (2009) says that their characteristic of expansion is expressed in the nature of both knowledge and technology.He says that their constant improvement is necessary which implies di erent resources, rst of all human, nancial, material, organizational...He claims that it is only pos-1 e honourable president of the American National Academy of Science, former president of the National Scienti c Committee and since 2008 editor-in-chief of a scienti c magazine "Science".
sible for an athlete to stay competitive on the world market of knowledge if he/she has the best training and competition preparation organised and realised.Resources of knowledge, which experts belong to (from the eld of sport or through outsourcing) are at the background.Without them, level of development of athletics would be questioned.Review of developmental tendencies of contemporary technologies (where athletic sport is included) implies that acquiring and transfer of knowledge from very important areas for the mankind must not be neglected.ere is a large number of research surveys in the eld of science, which even got the Nobel prize and which are directly applied in sports, including athletics.Contemporary era brings new technologies from the eld of telecommunications, new materials, optoelectronics, robotics, quantum medicine, so it can be said that athletics shared the challenges of the third and is getting ready for the vision of the fourth industrial revolution.Optoelectronics, based on new optical materials used for optimal transformation of optical signals into electronic ones and vice versa, can be emphasised as the characteristic of the third revolution.Practically, almost all new technologies of light (lasers, sensors, optical discs, etc.) represent functional integration of optical and electronic components which are more and more o en used in sports and consequently in athletics.Laser ray is used in athletic throwing for measuring length of a throw.In running disciplines this technology is used for monitoring changes of kinematics and kinetics of strides.It is also used in running on nish line in a case of photo nish.Photo nish is automatic photographic device for recording order of runners coming to the nish line together with marking the time needed for running on a certain distance in athletics.A camera is positioned in the continuation of a nishing line.Finishing line is recorded, through a narrow vertical ssure, on a lm which moves horizontally inside the camera in the same direction competitors run.At the same time, time markings at the bottom of the lm are registered by a precise electronic clock 2 .It is a matter of time when measuring will be performed in milliseconds, since two sprinters can have the same result on the second decimal.
2 http://staznaci.com/fotonis) Jovanović invented a device for precise measuring of high jump -"lasermeter", which by using laser rays measures height of a jump in millimetres.Canadian company "Farly Technology" from Quebec tested the prototype for months so that the product could get a licence. is invention won Silver medal on the Innovation Fair in Novi Sad (Janačković, 2008, Picture 2).Jovanović says that he did not invent laser and that, considering electronics, all the parts of a device had already existed but the principle of using a laser in measuring results of this athletic discipline is new.He got the idea while watching how results and the path of a tennis ball are processed.He says that we are witnesses of the Olympic disciplines competitions, where results are measured in millimetres and hundreths of a second, whereas in a high jump discipline we still have the situation that somebody jumps more than ten centimetres higher than the position of a crossbar and the result recorded is only at the height of a crossbar.His idea was to design a device which would emit laser rays at a distance of a half of a millimetre.e exact height is read when the rays are cut.e device consists of two parts, a sensor unit and a processor unit.Sensors which emit and receive laser rays are positioned on poles at the height of 170 to 250cm, at a distance of 0.5cm. is is how a laser ray network is created and when a jumper cuts it, the exact height of a jump is detected.Rays can be visible and invisible and a control stick can be placed in order to see the di erence.e only advantage of new dispositions is that with the rst jump, when the control stick is at the lowest height but when competitors are the least tired, the world record could be broken; however, it is still too early to talk about application of this device in sports since certain procedures must be ful lled.
It is very important to use the system of computer monitoring of body movements for hurdlers, high jumpers as well as during performing all the skills of a sports movement, especially for athletic disciplines where e ciency and economy of technique of moving performance has crucial in uence on the result.Today, knowledge about e ciency and economy of movement of athletes is monitored by a system of information originating from sensors positioned on referential anatomical points of primary joints.Results of the measuring are analysed within kinetic and kinematic measures and also through acquisition and 3D signal analysis.
Remote monitoring connects an athlete and a trainer who in a previously de ned space, time, and intensity of e ort, gets information about heart rate in a minute, lap time, average speed of running, number of strides in a minute, length of strides, determines tempo and its variations.What is important is that these systems function bidirectionally, so that information received on a receiver, a er direct acquisition, is delivered to the athlete not only as information but also as a new training task -exercise.
ere is a well-known example of a South African athlete Oscar Pistorius (without lower legs) who wanted to compete in the Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008 in a 400 m race.Before that he had to prove to the World Athletic Federation that the robot which moves his prosthesis made of carbon bres did not give him an advantage.He broke the world records on 100 m, 200 m and 400 m at the Paralympic Games.However, he did not run in Beijing because he had not met the qualifying standard of 46.30 s, what is slightly faster than his personal record of 46.56 s.
A team of experts proved that Oscar Pistorius's special prosthesis gives him an advantage over his opponents for 10 or more parts of a second compared with the time he would have in a 400m race if his prosthesis behaved as natural limbs.at conclusion was announced for the rst time by human performance experts Peter Weyand from the university ''Southern Methodist" in Dallas and Matthew Bundle from Wyoming University (Weyand and Bundle, 2009).Pistorius's prostheses are half the weight of a male sprinter's legs without body deformities.Results of the research showed that a larger part of 15 to 30% of speed advantage Pistorius had, are explained by the way his lightweight "blades" enable him to change the position of his thighs fast: "Even when compared with male sprinters who can adapt themselves to speed in the most severe way recorded in human history, Oscar Pistorius has time necessary for a change of position of thighs which is literally out of the limits!Usain Bolt overtakes his opponents with 2-4% higher speed.
eoretically, with maximum speed, a well-trained paralympic athlete could move his thighs with light-material prosthesis 15% faster in comparison with six latest 100m record holders, including Usain Bolt." Weyand and Bundle (2009) con rmed that: • Pistorius's prosthesis, so-called "lightweight blades", enable him to move his legs 15.7% faster than six latest 100m record holders; here we probably have, since this is rotational movement, faster rotation of its segments due to smaller inertia moment.• exible lightweight "blades" enable Pistorius to reach the same running speed while running sprint and at the same time receives 20% smaller ground reaction force than runners with natural limbs because of a smaller degree of shock absorption muscle engagement and • prosthesis exibility and its geometry reduce muscle e ort which Pistorius needs for sprint to less than half the e ort necessary for the "natural runners" category.

Sudden development of training technology based on computer and modeling techniques in-
uenced the need to introduce this kind of changes into sport (Stefanović, 2011).Robotics belongs to the group of the most advanced techniques today.It has found its place in athletics, especially for the disabled people.Con rmation of this supposition/statement is a sports spectacle, from robotics domain, in athlet-ic competitions among other sports disciplines held on 8th October 2016 in Zurich 3 .Cybathlon is a competition which tests athletes' abilities with the help of robotics.e basic aim of this competition is to provide a platform for development of a new assistive technology.Cybathlon had six sports events: cycling race, leg prosthesis race, wheelchair race, exoskeleton race, arm prosthesis race and for paralysed competitors brain-computer interface race, where brain of a paralysed competitor is stimulated by a computer interface to participate in a computer game.Two medals were awarded for each discipline -one to the winner competitor and the other to the winner producer.
Our body improvement is a space where arti cial intelligence (AI) found its interest for research.One of the rst commercial AI 'products' are expert systems (ES).Expert systems is a computer programme which emulates solving of a problem in a way an expert (a human) does.In order for a programme to be called ES, it has to contain expert knowledge from a particular eld and to enable automatised reasoning (Stefanović, 2011).
Most o en, an ES is not developed by programming in a particular programme language but by using relevant so ware tools, that is so ware shells.
3 www.google.rscybathlon, an olympics for bionic athletes, in Zurich in october 2016.
ere are particular reasons for this: faster development and testing, easier maintenance, not all key ES components have to be programmed.Advantages of this system are numerous.e need for such systems increased with faster tempo of living.On the other hand, "wasting " time while waiting for relevant prole experts to come and try to solve or help with particular problems is shorter.ere is a need to solve these problems, at the beginning less complicated and later very complex ones, by computers using easily accessible corresponding programmes. is is the biggest advantage of ES because they can be used anywhere and at any time.
An expert, a knowledge engineer and a user take part in development of ES (Stefanović, 2011).An expert (lat.expertus) is an authority, a practitioner in a particular eld (Stevanović et al.2011), and expertise is testing done by experts.Even Socrates talked about an expert from the eld of athletics.De Botton writes about Socrates's method of logical thinking which refers to the knowledge of experts (2002): "In order to follow Socrates's example, we should, when faced with criticism, behave like athletes training for the Olympic Games.A trainer suggested an exercise for a javelin throw which strengthens calf muscles.It implies standing on one leg and doing weightli ing.It looks strange to the people watching us who make fun of us and object because we are reducing our chances for success.We hear somebody, by accident, in the bathroom , saying that: we are more interested in showing our beautiful calf muscles than helping our town to win the games (ήμiν μέλει μaλλον τo τά σκέλη καλά έπιδεικνύναι ή τo βοηθεiν πρός τήν oλυμπιονίκην).Cruel, but still there is no reason to panic if we listen to Socrates in his conversation with Criton: Socrates: When a man trains gymnastics seriously, does he pay attention equally to each praise or reproach or opinion or only if it comes from a competent person, a doctor or a gymnastics teacher?
Criton: Only if it comes from a competent person.Socrates: It means that a man should be afraid of criticism or be joyful only to a praise of a competent person and not of a crowd.
Criton: Obviously.Socrates: He should do and exercise, eat and drink only according to his instructor's advice and not according to the opinion of the rest of the world, because he has the expert knowledge.Value of criticism depends on the process of thinking of a critic and not on their number or position.Don't you think it is a good principle that people should not respect the opinion of every man but only of one group of people and not the others, that they should respect the good ones and not the bad ones?Good people are those who have understanding and knowledge whereas the bad ones are those without understanding.erefore, dear friend, you should not worry much about what the world will say about us, but what the expert on justice and injustice will say." A knowledge engineer is a person who conducts an interview with an expert and collects ("elicits") knowledge.en he/she makes a choice of relevant techniques for making conclusions, selects developmental tools, that is developmental shells, formalizes, formulates, arranges expert's knowledge and eventually tests the ES.What a knowledge engineer in AI is that is a sports technologist in sport.A pro le of such a person is signi cant for sport because it is important that there is someone who is educated and who can transfer knowledge from the science/theory into athletic practice.
A user uses a completed ES, participates in formation of requests and he/she can also participate in testing and writing documentation for ES.Most o en ES users in athletics are a trainer and an athlete.

CONCLUSION
People must be wise to preserve its culture, knowledge, language and documents during thousands of years.Respect of the past, transfer of knowledge to future generations is a foundation for wisdom in hearts of researchers.In the essence, an e ort should be made to help and enable a researcher, in accordance with his level of development, to use all important information and knowledge from the complex eld of athletics reasonably (in a way they should be used) -through writing scienti c research studies and presenting them to the others.
Even Holy Fathers, Greek philosophers and philosophers of new era argued about importantance of knowledge for researching oneself and the others and they also emphasised personal experience as a signi cant factor.Nowadays it is very important to be informed about novelties in the world of innovative technologies, not only in sports/athletics but in a wider scienti c milieu.In order to persist at the top of the world competitions, an athlete is forced to use the latest knowledge from the eld of a wider circle of scienti c research.Resources of knowledge, that is experts from various elds, are at the background and athletics could not exist at the level of development it is at today without them.
Transfer of knowledge (technology and innovations, permanent development, etc.) is a signi cant factor for the progress of science and athletics as well as a segment of a sport science.Contemporary tendency in development of the most important existing technologies (where sport is also included) implies that acquiring (values) knowledge from these very important areas for the mankind must not be neglected.Expert systems with an expert, a knowledge engineer and a user (a trainer and an athlete) incorporated into research should be part of athletic sport development.

CONOCIMIENTO EN ATLETISMO -DE LA PRÁCTICA A LA INNOVACIÓN Resumen
La promoción continua de los conocimientos prácticos y teóricos representa la base para un nuevo paradigma cognitivo y llegada a innovación que condice hacia una nueva práctica más efectiva del atletismo.La necesidad de a rmar el saber (todo aquello que se sabe) estimula el proceso de conocimiento sobre el hombre en esta actividad deportiva (contexto ontológico) incluyendo también aquellos conocimientos basados en el trabajo de investigación cientí ca (contexto metodológico).La aplicación del método cientí co ha llevado hasta nuevos conocimientos a favor de la práctica atlética y hasta el establecimiento de nuevos horizontes en el estudio de los alcances de los rendimientos deportivos del hombre.La fuente del conocimiento son la teoría y la práctica atléticas.Ellas son al mismo tiempo la base del estudio de la dinámica de los rendimientos del hombre que se mani estan a través de distintas disciplinas del atletismo.Los resultados en grandes competencias de atletismo han llevado a un número de analistas hasta el debate de niveles y "conservación "de las habilidades de hombre, mientras que para otros esa era la base para preguntarse sobre los limites extremos del conocimiento sobre el ser atlético de hombre (contexto gnoseológico).El origen del conocimiento sobre el ser atlético de hombre proviene de la losofía antigua de Platón, Sócrates, así que se puede decir que la fuente del conocimiento es tan antigua como el debate sobre la naturaleza del cambio del ser humano bajo la in uencia de los ejercicios.En este trabajo el atletismo se presenta a través del espacio de conocimiento (objeto de trabajo) que integra lo primordial y lo cientí co y con la procedencia que es un nuevo y e ciente entrenamiento y la práctica de competencia.

Picture 1 .
Photo-nish of a 60 m veteran race Picture 2. Precise measuring of high jump by "lasermeter"