VARIOUS COMPETITIVE LEVEL WRESTLERS ’ PREPAREDNESS ASSESSED BY THE APPLICATION OF THE FIELD TEST

Wrestling is a sport which is dominantly characterized by physical strains in anaerobically lactate energy zones. The subject of this work are the parameters of wrestlers’ preparedness, from the viewpoint of their success, as well as the level of metabolic and cardiac reaction of an organism, observed on the specific field test. The aim of the research is to determine the differences in the levels of specific preparedness between different competitive levels of wrestlers. The sample consists of 26 wrestlers, divided into two groups in relation to a competitive level they perform on, i.e. 10 of them perform in the First League of Serbia, while 16 perform in the Second Wrestling League of Serbia. Specific Wrestling Performance Test (SWPT) consists of two 3-minute segments, which stimulate rounds in a fight timewise, and between which there is a 30-second rest. In order to relativize the load, three different weight wrestling dummies were used, and the suplex technique as the standard throw for all examinees. General differences have been determined by MANOVA test, whereas individual differences of all variables have been determined by the t test in the function of the examined groups. Based on the results, and in the function of the models for calculating the parameters of the specific preparedness of wrestlers, the statistically significant difference (p = 0.000) of the achieved preparedness results has been determined in all three models of calculating (SWPT_TN throws, SWPT_SJF INDEX and SWPT_NEW INDEX). Based on similar metabolic values of the tested groups, and partial differences in achieving functional values for the same given exertion (SWPT), it can be concluded that the determined differences of all three models for calculating the preparedness parameters of the examined groups are the consequence of insufficient adaptation for high load realization, which requires high pulse frequency as well as lactate concentration and the given time period.


INTRODUCTION
Wrestling requires high level of technical, tactical and psychological abilities and skills development (Hubner-Wozniak et al., 2006).Generally, all energy systems work simultaneously (aerobic and anaerobic) but in the different degree of representation which always depends on the energy requirements of the current technical and tactical situation of the fight (Cinar & Tamer, 1994;Callan et al., 2000).In previous research, it has been determined that decisive fights happen in the zones of maximal and submaximal load of a wrestler (Nilsson et al., 2002;Hubner-Wozniak et al., 2004).to wrestler's ability to maintain moderate,middle and smallefforts during a fight.The studies have shown that the general physiological profile of a successful wrestler is the high anaerobic strength and capacity, as well as above average aerobic power, high percentage of muscle mass and highly developed muscle strength, exceptional flexibility, low percentage of fat (Horswill, 1992;Kasum & Dopsaj, 2012;Yoon, 2002).
Diagnostics of physical characteristics is an important part of the control process of being welltrained and well-taught as it provides information on the ability which needs to be improved, but on the efficiency of training process applied as well (Lidor et al., 2006).Special attention in wrestler's performance diagnostics should be paid to anaerobic and lactate energy systems.As a result of dominant representation of this energy system in competitive wrestling, high to maximum values of pulse frequency are achieved (Kraemer et al., 2001).Also, moderate to exceptionally high lactate concentration is accumulated (10-20 mmol/L) after the competition (Houston et al., 1983;Kraemer et al., 2001) which can cause acid-base imbalance and lead to performance deterioration (Aschenbach et al., 2000).By observing these metabolic and contractile characteristics during intensive training or competition of athletes, the levels of acidosis and muscle fatigue, as well as the parameters of athlete's general preparedness can be evaluated (Barbas et al., 2010; Karninčić et al., 2009;Nilsson et al., 2002;Wright et al., 2015).
The method of field testing is a way of testing which enables coaches to check the level of an athlete's current preparedness in relation to the specific load conditions.In other words, specific tests present the approximation of sports activity to controlled conditions, which is possible to observe and measure, and which simulate the time structure of competition, i.e. fight, as well as load, metabolic and cardiac exertion that are manifested during competition fights (Maglischo, 2003;Muller et al., 2000;Zatsiorsky, 1982).
In relation to these aspects, it is not possible to find a vast number of research that deal with the specific field testing in wrestling, i.e. the specific preparedness and body's response to given exertion (Utter et al., 1997;Marković et al., 2017).In relation to the published scientific literature available, larger number of works has dealt with metabolic and functional reactions of the organism in the real wrestling fight (Karninčić et al., 2009;Barbas et al., 2010;Karninčić et al., 2013;Arslanoğlu et al., 2015), i.e. in laboratory or field tests which were designed in relation to the non-specific wrestling tasks (Callan et al., 2000;Wright et al., 2015).
The subject of this work are the parameters of wrestler's preparedness from the aspect of their success, as well as the level of organism's metabolic and cardiac reaction on the applied test.The aim of the research is to determine the differences in the level of specific preparedness between the wrestler of the First and the Second Wrestling League of Serbia.The difference in competition levels in which the tested groups performed imposes an expectation that the 1 st league would achieve better results than the 2 nd wrestling league, i.e. confirm that the physical preparedness is an important factor in wrestling.The results obtained in this research can be used for the purpose of further research, their mutual comparisons, as well as for the improvement of the already existing results, i.e. for the purpose of increasing general and specific knowledge fundus in wrestling and in sports science in general.

METHOD
As the primary method of researching, the field testing method has been used.As the primary cognitive method, the analytical method has been applied, as well as the induction method.In relation to analytical methods, the method of functional analysis has been applied in order to discover mutual relations and connections of the parts of the examined phenomenon, as well as comparative analysis in order to compare traits, similarities and patterns of the repetition of executed performances.

Research sample
The sample consists of 26 male wrestlers, divided into two groups in the function of competitive success.From the total number of sample, 10 wrestlers perform in the First League of Serbia -1 st League (age: 20.0 years; sports experience: 8.4 years; number of trainings per week: 9.2; body height: 176.0 cm; body weight: 78.0 kg; BMI: 25.46 kg/m²; body fat percentage: 12.02 %; muscle mass percentage: 48.94 The testing procedure itself was realized in the form of a controlled task through precisely marked task time for which a special software, programmed according to the task's time structure of the test, was used.Also, apart from the auditive signals which denote preparation, beginning and end of the test, the examinees were provided with the visual display and time control as well as a display of every segment of the test.Time intervals of work and rest, as well as the intensity of work according to the scheme presented with the Table 1.constructed the time and motoric structure of the tests as follows:

"Specific Wrestling Performance Test"(SWPT)
The test consists of two 3-minute segments, which simulate a round in a fight timewise, with a 30-second rest between each segment.The task was as follows: after the commencement of the test is signaled, the examinee throws the dummy, then lifts the dummy into the initial position and rests until the 10th second elapses, then realizes the throw again, lifts the dummy and rests until the 20th second elapses, and ultimately, realizes the throw and rests until the 30th second elapses.Once the stopwatch ticks the 30th second, the intensive part of the test ensues -a part where the examinee's task is to realize as larger number of throws as possible in the next 20 seconds; from the 50th to the 60th second, the examinee rests and prepares for the second minute of the test which is completely the same as the first one; in the third minute of the test, up until the 30th second, everything is the same, and afterwards, the examinee realizes as larger number of throws as possible in the 30-second timeframe, the second round of the test is completely the same as the first (Marković et al., 2017).In addition to performing the given throws in 10-second intervals, the general task of the examinee was also to realize the largest number of throws possible in the phases defined for the maximum number of throws.The total number of throws realized in the phases for performing the maximum number of throws achieved during the entire test, i.e. both rounds, is taken as the final result of the test (

Measuring procedure
The body composition measuring was carried out by bioelectrical impedance (InBodi 720 Biospace, 2008), in the morning from 08:00 -09:00 am, in accordance with the standardized recommendation of the manufacturer.A light meal ensued afterwards (fruit or a smaller sandwich, along with rehydration), as well as the 1-hour break, after which the examinees were tested in the wrestling gym.The beginning of measuring the specific field test was around 10 o' clock a.m.The afore mentioned tests were carried out at the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade.
For the needs of the specific wrestling test, all examinees were tested by applying the measuring procedure which had been standardized beforehand (Marković et al., 2017), which all examinees were familiar with during the last training before the testing.On the testing day, all examinees went through the process of final theoretical and practical familiarization with the procedure of the task.Before the testing, wrestlers did a general 15-minute warm-up individually, followed by additional 5 minutes of specific warm-up in the form of throwing a partner or a wrestling dummy, after which a 10-minute break ensued.
On the wrestling test, a wrestling dummy was used as a prop and the suplex techniqueas the standard throw for all examinees.In order to relativize the load, three dummies with different weights were used as follows: ≤74.9 kg body weight, a 22 kg dummy was thrown, from 75.0 to 89.9 kg, a 27 kg dummy was thrown, and ≥90.0 kg, a 32 kg dummy was thrown (Marković et al., 2017).
the second round of the test -SWPT_II_C throwes ), the total number of throws on the test has been defined as well (SWPT_ T N throws ) which represents a one-dimensional model for evaluating the wrestler's preparedness.
Apart from the one-dimensional model for evaluating preparedness, which from the viewpoint of information complexity is the simplest variant of calculation, additional two models were used as the criteria variables of specific preparedness.
The two-dimensional model for calculating preparedness (SWPT_ SJF

INDEX
) apart from the maximum number of throws, includes the values of achieved heart rate directly after and during the first minute of recovery, and its principle of calculating was taken from the Specific Judo Fitness Test (Franchini et al., 1998), and is calculated using the following formula:

Variables
Apart from the variables which define the number of throws per individual test segments (20 sec.intended for the maximum number of throws in the first minute of the first round of the test -SWPT_I_ A throwes , 20 sec.intended for the maximum number of throws in the second minute of the first round of the test -SWPT_I_B throwes , 30 sec.intended for the maximum number of throws in the third minute of the first round of the test -SWPT_I_C throwes , 20 sec.intended for the maximum number of throws in the first minute of the second round of the test -SWPT_ II_A throwes , 20 sec.intended for the maximum number of throws in the second minute of the second round of the test -SWPT_II_B throwes , 30 sec.intended for the maximum number of throws in the third minute of Certainly, metabolic and cardiac parameters were observed as well, as individual parameter variables of the total physiological strain achieved on the test (Astrand et al., 2003) as follows: • Lactate concentration in capillary blood as a means of achieved metabolic acidosis, in the third (SWPT_La 3min. ) and the fifth (SWPT_ La 5min. ) minute of recovery, expressed in mmol/L; • The frequency of the pulse as a functional measurement of achieved load of the cardiovascular system, right after the test is finished (SWPT_HR 0min. ) and during recovery process between the first and the fifth minute, (SWPT_ HR 1min., SWPT_HR 2min., SWPT_HR 3min., SWPT_ HR 4min., SWPT_HR 5min.), expressed in bpm.
calculated: measures of central tendency (mean variable value -Mean) and dispersion (standard deviation -Std.Dev., standard error -Std.Err., minimum -Min., maximum -Max.).General differences between groups were determined using MANOVA, while the significant differences of every individually tested variables were determined using T test.All statistical analysis were carried out using the software package SPSS 20.0, whereas the value p < 0.05 was used for the level of statistical significance of differences (Hair et al., 1998).

RESULTS
In Table 2, MANOVA test results are shown, based on which the general difference in preparedness parameters between the groups of different competitive level has been determined.
Upon finish of the test, wrestlers had 1 minute of active rest, after which they took the next position in order to measure the achieved lactate concentration in blood and continue observing the heart rateparameters according to the standard procedure.H7 Polar Heart Rate Sensor (Polar, Inc., Lake Success, NY, USA) which was placed around the chest of the examinee before the test, was used to measure the frequency of the pulse.The lactate concentration was analyzed using a portable new generation lactate analyzer (Lactate Plus-NOVA biomedical, USA), using a lactate biosensor based on lactate oxidization (Lactate Methodology -Lactate oxidase biosensor) (Hart et al., 2013;Kulandaivelan et al., 2009).The samples were collected from the capillary blood, each time from a different finger by an experienced research (Dopsaj & Janković, 2014;Marković et al., 2017).For the invasive part of collecting a blood sample, a single-use lancet Unistik 3 Comfort (Owen Mumford Ltd.UK) was used.

Statistical procedures
All results were firstly analyzed by applying the basic descriptive statistics where the following was Based on results achieved on SWPT, in relation to individual minutes of the test, i.e. predicted period for maximum number of throws (SWPT_I_A throwes , SWPT_I_B throwes , SWPT_I_C throwes , SWPT_II_A throwes , SWPT_II_B throwes , SWPT_II_C throwes ), the difference of the achieved results, whichrange from 25.2 % to 35.2 % in the function of examined groups, has been determined in percentage.In relation to the total number of throws on the test (SWPT_ T N throws ), the 1 st league achieved higher number of throws for 30.2 % (Figure 1; Table 3, 1 st league = 43.60 vs 2 nd league = 30.44),whereas the achieved results on the test generally ranged from 24.0 to 47.0 throws.
In the function of the examined groups,heart rate response (HR) on the test reached percentual differences from 2.2 % to 10.1 % of pulse frequency in relation to the observed recovery variables of the cardiovascular system.Upon the finish of the test, the response to the given exertion ranged from 175 to 196, after a minute of recoveryfrom 153 to 184, after the second minute of recovery from 131 to 167, after the third minute of recovery from 102 to 148, after the fourth minute of recovery from 100 to 139 and after the fifth minute of recovery from 96 to 134 beats per minute, no matter the examined group (Table 3).
The lactate concentration values (La), measured after the 3 rd minute of recovery upon the finish the tests reached the difference of 3.2 % in the function of examined groups percentagewise, while the generally achieved values ranged from 10.0 to 17.0 mmol/L.After the 5 th minute of recovery, lactate concentration values reached the difference of 5.5 % percentagewise, while the achieved values remained within the range from 9.0 to 17.0 mmol/L no matter the examined group (Table 3).Specific wrestling preparedness, expressed as index value and in the function of thestandardized model of Specific Judo Fitness Test (SWPT_ SJF INDEX ) the difference of average values on the test from 34.0 % percentagewise has been achieved in relation to the examined groups, while the generally achieved values of preparedness ranged from 15.5 to 7.4 index values.Specific wrestling performance, where the index value was created according to the new method of indexing (SWPT_ NEW INDEX ), achieved the difference of average values on SWPT of 24.8 %, while the generally achieved values of preparedness ranged from 266.4 to 675.0 index values no matter the examined group (Figure 1, Table 3).In relation to the results of mean value differences of the observed variables in the function of success of the examined groups, statistically significant difference in results in all individual segments of the test has been determined (SWPT_I_A throwes , SWPT_I_B throwes , SWPT_I_C throwes , SWPT_II_A throwes , SWPT_II_B throwes , SWPT_II_C throwes ), as well as in relation to the total number of throws on the test (SWPT_ T N throws ).Also, significant difference has been determined in both success index variables (SWPT_ SJF INDEX and SWPT_ NEW INDEX ), i.e. quantified specific wrestling preparedness.It should be mentioned that all determined differences of the defined models for calculating the preparedness parameters on the level of statistical significance are from p = 0.000 (Figure 1; Table 3).Results of this research have not determined the statistically significant differences of the achieved lactate concentration of the examined groups in the third and fifth minute of recovery, after the SWPT (Table 3).Whereas in relation to the functional response of the organism, the difference from the first to the third minute of recovery has been determined, in the function of the examined group (SWPT_HR 1min.: p = 0.008; SWPT_HR 2min.: p = 0.000; SWPT_HR 3min.: p = 0.031; Table 3).

DISCUSSION
The test in this research has previously been determined as reliable, and also specific because of its structure.Depending on informational needs and available equipment, one of the models for performance evaluation can be used, and its description of the same characteristic is confirmed (Marković et al., 2017).Based on the results obtained in this research, which aim was to determine the differences in parameters of preparedness of wrestlers that are on different competitive level, the sensitivity of the applied test can be confirmed.In relation to that, upon determining the important metric characteristics of the test, it is possible to realize a continuous system of monitoring the progress of the specific preparedness of every athlete individually, but also to control the applied training methods.
Based on the analysis of the differences of the achieved number of throws as a one-dimensional model of preparedness of the examined groups (1 st and 2 nd league), statistically significant difference (Table 3; p = 0.000) of result in all individual segments of the test has been determined, as well as in relation to the total number of throws in favor of the 1 st league, which confirms the hypothetical expectations.In comparison to the previous research (Marković et al., 2017), where the examinees achieved the total of 32.68 on average on the SWPT, the identicalness of results with the 2 nd league examinees is confirmed, i.e. the better achieved results in favor of 1 st league examinees in this research.
By analyzing the metabolic component, i.e. lactate concentration in blood in the third and the fifth minute of recovery, a significant difference between the examined groups has not been determined.In the previous research which dealt with Croatian elite and club wrestlers' organism's metabolic reaction to the load in the mutual control fight, the significant difference of the final sample of lactate values during the post fight recovery hasn't also been determined (Karničić et al., 2009).No matter the time of when the blood sample was taken during recovery, the achieved average values of the achieved lactate concentration were from 12.86 to 13.61 mmol/L, with the measured maximum lactate concentrations that ranged from 16.0 to 17.0 mmol/L.Results show an exceptionally high level of the achieved anaerobic acidosis after the realization of the SWPT.In relation to the testing type, i.e. the nature of physical load, in earlier research it has been determined that the achieved lactate concentrations during the wrestler's recovery after the laboratory and field testings (hand ergometer, bicycle ergometer, treadmill, sandbag test) ranged from 10. 6  By analyzing the functional values during recovery, from zeroth to the fifth minute after the SWPT, a statistically significant difference of functional response of the organism in the first, second and third minute of recovery has been determined (SWPT_ HR 1min., SWPT_HR 2min., SWPT_HR 3min.).Time structure of a fight simulated on SWPT, as well as the load itself which the more successful competitors are more adapted to (1 st league) due to higher number of training sessions and competitive performances, could be an answer to the achieved differences of the recovery in favor of the more successful group.The absence of the differences of the achieved pulse frequency immediately upon the finish of the test (SWPT_HR 0min. ) can be confirmed in relation to previous research, in which the absence of statistically significant differences in maximum pulse frequency has been determined, with the aim of determining the differences of aerobic characteristics of international and national Serbian wrestlers on treadmill (Štajer et al., 2017).Also, in relation to determining the differences of the achieved maximum pulse frequency, between different weight classes on the same competitive level, a statistically significant difference hasn't been determined on hand ergometer or the sandbag test (Wright et al., 2015).
Functional responses of the organism to the load Besides the one-dimensional model for calculation wrestlers' preparedness on the afore mentioned tests, multidimensional models have been defined as well.Although the metabolic parameters haven't achieved significant differences between the examined groups, functional parameters have achieved significant differences in three out of six variables that were observed (SWPT_HR 1min., SWPT_HR 2min., SWPT_HR 3min.), and only one statistically significant different variable of which is included in the calculating models (SWPT_HR 1min.).Index values, as the measure of wrestlers' specific preparedness have shown the high statistically significant difference (p = 0.000) between the examined groups in both multidimensional models of calculating (SWPT_ SJ- If we assume that many different factors are included in a model for calculating the index of pre-paredness, the more precisely, i.e. the better would the performance itself be described, no matter the individual strength of describing the energy, metabolic and functional parameters.In relation to that, the linear growth of the difference of the achieved results in percentages, from 30.2 % in one-dimensional model to 34.0 % in two-dimensional model, goes to show that this statement is valid (Figure 1).The percentual difference of the achieved index of preparedness between the examined groups, from 24.8 % in threedimensional model, represents a proof of individual difference of the way of recovery of the organism of every examinee individually, i.e. significant contribution of the metabolic component in recovery, or in performance deterioration in the next fight that either took place on the same or the following day (Figure 1).

CONCLUSION
In relation to the aim of the research, and in the function of the model of calculating the parameters of the wrestlers' specific preparedness, the statistically significant difference of the achieved results of preparedness in all three models has been determined.Based on the similar metabolic values of the examined groups, and partial differences in achieving functional values to the same given exertion (SWPT), it can be concluded that the determined differences in all three models for calculating the parameters of preparedness of the examined groups are primarily the consequence of not being well-trained, i.e. of insufficient adaptation for realization of big loads which require high pulse frequency, but also lactate concentration, given time period, but also better use of energy, i.e. economization of movement as the consequence of doing sports for a longer period of time.
The determined significant differences prove that the Specific Wrestling Performance Test, that aims at measuring the specific preparedness of wrestlers (aerobic, anaerobic, metabolic, functional, as well as coordinational abilities) is sensitive to the competitive level and can be applies as a method for evaluating the level of achieved preparedness in wrestling sport.
Further research should be realized with a direct aim of determining the sensitivity of the specific wrestling tests examined, i.e. observing the param-eters of preparedness in relation to a higher number of different groups in the function of success on the competition, as well as in relation to different ages and sexes of the wrestlers.

НАПОМЕНА
HR 0min. .+ HR 1min. ) / T N throws -(lower value means better result).The three-dimensional model for calculating preparedness (SWPT_ NEW INDEX ), apart from the total number of throws and values of achieved heart rate, includes the values of measured lactate concentrations in the 3 rd and 5 th minute of recovery.This principle of calculating the wrestler's preparedness index represents the new model of calculating which was published by Markovic et al. (2017), and is calculated using the following formula: NEW INDEX = ((HR 0min. .+ HR 1min. ) / (La 3min.+ La 5min.)) * T N throws -(higher value means better result).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Graphic view of the levels of statistical and in percentage difference of the defined models of calculating preparedness in the function of the examined group

F
INDEX and SWPT_ NEW INDEX).In the previous research(Marković et al., 2017), based on SJF INDEX , the averagely better result of 11.30 index values has been achieved, and based on NEW INDEX , the averagely better result of 469.80 index values has been achieved on the SWPT.Comparing the results, the 2 nd league wrestlers have achieved somewhat worse values in relation to the previous research (Marković et al., 2017), whereas the 1 st league wrestlers achieved significantly better results.

Table
). %), while 16 wrestlers perform in the Second League of Serbia -2 nd League (age: 20.4 years; sports experience: 5.6 years; number of trainings per week: 7.0; body height: 180.9 cm; body weight: 85.3 kg; BMI: 26.10 kg/m²; body fat percentage: 14.80 %; muscle mass percentage: 49.01 %).All examinees were familiar with the testing conditions and voluntarily participated in the research.The research was carried out according to the conditions of Declaration of Helsinki, with the approval and consent of the Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Belgrade's Ethics Committee.

Table 2 .
Results of the differences on general level of examined (MANOVA).

Table 3 .
Analysis of the differences of the observed parameters in relation to the examined group.
to 15.1 mmol/L(Callan et al., 2000; Wright et  al., 2015), but with Greco-Roman style wrestlers, the lactate concentration values during recovery after the fight were on the level from 15.8 to 19.1 mmol/L during all (five) fights(Barbas et al., 2010), i.e. they were on the level between 11.82 and 13.23 mmol/Lafter a single training control fight(Karninčić et al., 2009).While comparing the obtained results of the lactate concentration with previous research on lactate values in wrestling, the identical values of achieved results have been determined, which can serve as a proof of external validation to the results obtained in this study, i.e. as a proof that the applied variant of the specific wrestling test (SWPT) provoked almost the same specifically competitive load in relation to the metabolic reaction of the organism with highly trained wrestler as well as the fight.
on the SWPT, i.e. immediately upon the finish of the test (SWPT_HR 0min.), is on average 183.40 for the 1 st league, that is to say 187.44 bpm for the 2 nd league of Serbia.Compared to the previous research in which the wrestlers were examined, it has been determined that they achieve somewhat higher values on the applied test (SWPT) in relation to the bicycle ergometer testing, identical values in relation to the treadmill test, i.e. within the range of the achieved results of the 1 st and 2 nd league of this research (Callan et al., 2000), somewhat higher values in relation to the hand ergometer test and in relation to the sandbag test(Wright et al., 2015), but also lower values in relation to the wrestlers after the competitive and situational fights(Barbas et al., 2010; Karninčić et al.,  2013).These results can also serve as a proof of external validation of the applies test in this research, i.e. as a proof that the applied variant of the specific wrestling test provokes almost the same specifically competitive and training load in relation to the heart reaction of the organism with highly trained wrestler.