L ANTROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND BODY COMPOSITION OF LATINOAMERIC DANCERS OF SERBIA

Latin American dances, at a dance sport competitions, consist of five couple dances, different in performance, character and tempo of music: samba, cha-cha, rumba, paso doble and jive. The influence on achievement in sports dance has certain morphological characteristics of dancers from two aspects, functional and aesthetic. The aim of this paper was to measure certain anthropometric dimensionalities using the standard procedures on a suitable sample and determine the body composition of Latin American dancers of the first federal rank of Serbia. For the purpose of the research, 16 anthropometric variables and a specific body composition were measured, using the equations of the program by Matejka (Mateigki). The obtained data were processed with descriptive statistical indicators, while one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied from the space of comparative statistics. The results showed that the dancers are moderately slim and have a balanced physical structure of the body, that there are certain differences in relation to gender, and that there are no statistically significant differences in dimensionality and body composition compared to age categories in both genders. The results obtained are in accordance with previous research.


INTRODUCTION
Sport dance involves the use of dances in the system of sports competitions, whereby the dance is standardized in terms of special rules on competitions, dances, costumes, judges and other elements (Labudović, 2015).According to the International Dance Federation, sports dance represents a physical activity that combines sports and dance, influences the development of physical fitness, the achievement of mental stability and socialization of the individual (https://www.worlddancesport.org/About/All).
In the classification of sports, because of their specificity of performance, dances are included in artistic sports.
The dance sport competition system consists of three dance sport disciplines of couple dances: Latin American dances, Standard dances and a combination of 10 dances.Latin American dances are tem-Complexity also increases movement in all three levels of the body in the technique of performing dances, where each part of the body has a specific technique of movement, as well as the performance of figures in couple.For optimum performance, dancers should have a high degree of aesthetic and technical expression, as well as psychological preparation in order to handle stress in a critical situation, without injury and in a great physical form (Liiv, 2014;Liiv et al., 2013B).
Research in sports science points out that certain morphological characteristics have an impact on the success of athletes in achieving results (Taboada-Iglesias, Santana, & Gutiérrez-Sánchez, 2017), and consequently on the results of dance sport, in which this component has a dual effect, aesthetic and functional.The aesthetic effect is expressed through the coherence of the dancers' background and the compatibility of partner morphotypes.The functional effect is manifested through the performance of complex polystructural motions with optimal speed, precision and perseverance.
The body composition of athletes is of great importance for sports efficiency.It differs from the composition of the "conditional man" and "conditional woman", as well as between athletes of different sports branches.This difference is caused by the specifics of training and the demands of the sports branch itself, from the aspect of motor skills.Also, anthropometric dimension measurements play an important role in the selection and criteria of sports achievement in a particular sports branch.In dance sport, these criteria also apply to the aesthetic component (Liiv et al., 2013A;Liiv et al., 201B).There are no data on body composition and anthropometric measures that dancers of Latin American dances should possess, but an increasing number of studies in this field indicate the need to set up a desirable model of Latin American dancers of both genders to respond to the requirements of both domains, aesthetic and functional.For dancers, who are a special group of athletes, the optimal composition of the body serves as a means of achieving the physiological needs of a healthy body and the aesthetic goal of "leanness" in order to achieve maximum performance on the scene (Yannakoulia, Keramopoulos, Tsakalakos, & Matalas, 1999), what started the research in this area.
The research conducted by Mikhailov & Raschka (2010) included 29 male and 32 female dancers of Latin American dances, divided into four groups by gender and dance level, and the anthropometric and sports-constitutional differences of male and female dancers in Latin American dances depending on their level of performance.The data show that most of the anthropometric values of dancers at higher dance levels are lower than those of lower-level dancers (at the same average body height of about 179 cm, men with a higher level of performance have a lower weight (70.7 kg compared to 75.6 kg ) The research of the dancers did not produce any significant results depending on the level of performance, but most of the values of female athletes reveal a growth trend in contrast to dancers at lower levels of performance.The conclusion of the survey was that average competitors, regardless of gender and level, own balanced physical structure of the body (Mikhailov & Raschka, 2010).
Several studies, conducted by Liiv with associates, have investigated variations in somatotype and anthropometry in various dance disciplines.A study comparing Latin American dancers, Standard dancers and dancers in combination of 10 dances showed that dancers of Latin American dances were a bit shorter with a smaller range of hands than Standard dancers (Liiv et al., 2013B;Liiv, 2014).In the second study from the same year, the difference between the anthropometric characteristics of contemporary ballet dancers, classical ballet dancers and Latin American dancers was examined.The results showed that contemporary ballet dancers have more muscular structure than classical ballet dancers, while Latin American dancers are slightly taller and heavier, with less muscle mass and greater percentage of body fat mass in body composition (Liiv et al., 2013A;Liiv, 2014).
Also, a study of 2015, featuring 19 female and 16 male dancers explored the anthropometric and somatotype differences of Latin American dancers in Germany compared to the gym practitioners.The results showed that average body weight and body mass index were higher in gym practitioners compared to dancers in both genders, while the measured body fat percentage was higher for dancers of both genders (Raschka & Beyer, 2015).
Interesting is research with the aim of constructing and validating the equation of predicting the estimation of the body composition of the dancers, using research was realized in three dance clubs from Belgrade, dance clubs "Best", "Dare to dance" and "Calypso".The total sample consisted of 23 competitors: 9 male dancers (3 from the youth category of and 6 from the senior category) and 14 female dancers (8 from youth and 6 from senior category).The survey included male and female dancers who voluntarily participated in the study.

Variables
For the purpose of the research, the 16 anthropometric variables necessary for determination morphological characteristics of Latin American dancers were measured and they include: body height (cm), body weight (kg), upper arm circumference (cm), forearm circumference (cm), thigh circumference (cm), lower leg circumference (cm), wrist diameter (cm), elbow diameter (cm), knee diameter (cm), ankle joint diameter (cm), biceps skin fold (mm), forearm skin fold (mm), upper leg skin fold (mm), lower leg skin fold (mm), breast skin fold (mm) and stomach skin fold (mm), as well as body mass index (BMI).Independent variables represent the gender and age of competitors.
Standard measurements were followed during measurement.For the circumference of the forearm and upper arm, as well as for skin folds, the mean value of the three consecutive measurements was recorded.The body mass index (BMI) is calculated as a weight ratio (kg) and height square (m).Body composition (percentage of fat, muscle and bone tissue in total body mass) was calculated using the equations of the program by Matejka (Mateigki) based on the measured anthropometric variables according to the International Biological Program -IBP, in standardized conditions.The advantage of Matejka's method is that, in addition to the percentage of body fat and bones, it counts the percentage of muscles in the body composition (Stojiljković, Mitić, Mandarić, and Nešić, 2012).

Statistical data processing
The selected methods are in accordance with the subject, tasks, nature of the problem and hypotheses.The research used theoretical analysis and descriptive scientific research method.The results of the research were processed with the following descriptive statisti-the bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) as an estimation method, and the Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a criterion method.This research includes 42 female dancers, students of the dance university.The results showed that the non-fat component in dancers makes, on average, 42.6 kg, while the average value of the percentage of fat tissue is 19.4%, which represents a value that is in the range of 17-23% of body fat that is considered optimal for dancers (Yannakoulia et al., 1999).
A survey conducted in Poland included 20 elite Latin American dancers, and showed that 80% of female dancers belong to the athletic body type, while the remaining 20% are dancers with a picnic type.In male dancers this ratio is 60% leptosome (asthenic) type, and 40 % athletic body type (Pilewska, Pilewski, & Zukow, 2013).
The importance of morphological characteristics for optimal performance in aesthetic sports is observed in most models of the sport analysis system.By analyzing the morphotype of the dancers, as well as by comparing it with the model and the results of the general population, parameters can be obtained that give important data regarding the competitive performance of the dancers.The subject of this research was the anthropometric measurements and the body composition of Latin American dancers in Serbia, while the aim of the research was to determine the body composition of Latin American dancers in Serbia, using anthropometric measurements and formula by Mateigki.

МETHOD
In accordance with the subject, the goal and the nature of the problem, the population of Latin American dancers of Serbia were tested.Respondents belong to the A and B class of the first federal rank, and two age categories, youth and seniors.The research used theoretical analysis and descriptive scientific research method.

Sample
For the research, a suitable sample was used that included 23 respondents aged 20.04 ± 3.77 years.The cal indicators: mean value, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, while one-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied from the space of comparative statistics.The results were processed with the statistical software IBM SPSS 24.0.

Body composition
The body composition of Latin American dan cers of Serbia was determined on the basis of anthropometric measurement and applied equations.Standard descriptive statistics of anthropometric variables for both genders and ages are presented.The male dancers show that the height of the entire sample (1.80 ± 0.04) is in the range of the average height of the men of Serbia, while the results by age indicate that the average height of the youth (1.82 ± 0.06) is greater the value of the senior (1.79 ± 0.03).It is also interesting to note that the results of the percentage of body fat measured by different methods differ significantly, with the impedance being lowered (8.39), and the equation by Matejka is about twice the value (16.57).Female dancers are also in the range of average heights for women.The results show that the values of the percentage of muscle mass are above the values of the "conditional man" and "conditional woman", according to Ugarković (Ugarkovic, 2004, p. 54).

Connection of anthropometric parameters by sex and age
The assumption was that there were statistically significant differences between the body composition of the male and female dancers of Latin American dances in the overall sample.The results in Table 2 show that the percentage of body fat is the only one of the three components of the body composition that shows statistically significant difference in relation to sex at the level of significance .05.The percentage of bone tissue and muscle does not show a statistically significant difference.Of the measured values of anthropometric measures, a statistically significant difference are in the body height, body weight, percentage of fat tissue measured by the BIA method, body mass index, lower leg circumference, forearm and upper arm and all four diameters at the level of significance .01.The skin folds of the lower leg and breast shows a statistically significant difference on the level of significance .05.In other measures, there is no statistically significant difference.
It was also assumed that there was no statistically significant difference between the results of male and female dancers of two age categories, youth and senior, which was a result analysis and confirmed by both genders.

DISCUSSION
The aim of the research was to determine the body composition of the Latin American dancers of the highest competitive class in Serbia.The survey sample comprised 23 respondents (male dancers, n = 9; female dancers, n = 14).The entire sample, 23 respondents, are active competitors for many years.
The results showed that BMI has a mean value be- When it comes to gender differences, the assumption was that there will be differences in all parameters.However, only the percentage of body fat showed a statistically significant difference in the methods of bioelectric impedance and by Matejka, while the percentage of bone and muscle tissue does not show a statistically significant difference.This is not in line with previous research because the observations of previous studies showed clear gender specific differences between male and female dance performers, reflected in transverse and circular dimensionality measures, skin folds, percentage of body fat, and the results of individual typology provisions (Liiv et  The results of examining the existence of a difference between male dancers of different age categories showed that no parameter and component of the body composition shows a statistically significant difference between youth and senior male dancers, at the level of significance .05.In previous studies, such comparisons were not made, but differences were found with respect to length of training, and they showed that there are several significant specific differences among male dancers of different dance levels: men at the higher dance level have lower body weight (not a statistically significant difference), higher positioned of sphyrion (more than 1.5 cm), smaller chest width (about 1.4 cm) and lower overall body fat per-centage (11% compared to 14%) compared to men at a lower level of dysfunction (Mikhailov & Raschka, 2010), which could be an idea for some future research in the difference between the different levels of Serbian male dancers on a larger sample.
The results of examining the existence of a difference between female dancers of different age categories showed that no parameter and component of the body composition shows a statistically significant difference between youth and senior female dancers at the level of significance .05.Although there are no data from previous research related to this issue, there are data on the investigated differences between the different dance levels of Latin American female dancers.Female dancers, generally, show the opposite trend in relation to dancers at different dance levels.Female dancers at higher levels have a higher body mass (not significantly), a shorter hull (for the same average body height of about 166 cm) and a higher percentage of total body fat (not significant).Most volumes reveal a trend of growth in contrast with female dancers of lower dance level (Mikhailov & Raschka, 2010).Also, differences in relation to other dance styles indicate that Latin American dancers are a little bit taller and heavier, with less muscle mass and greater percentage of body composition as well as greater aerobic capacity compared to classical and contemporary ballet dancers (Liiv et al., 2013A;Liiv, 2014).
Different age of dancers in this study can be conditionally observed as different dance levels, since age is most often correlated with the length of training, and therefore with the level of performance.However, this study did not show any difference to the age of dancers in both sexes.

CONCLUSION
The conducted research, on a suitable sample of dancers, was the first to deal with the problem of the body composition of Latin American dancers in Serbia.The obtained results showed the structure of the body composition and the values of the measurement of anthropometric dimensionalities, characteristic for Latin American dancers of Serbia of the highest dance rank, both genders, in two age categories (youth and senior).It began from previous studies that determined the existence of moderately lean body composition of the dancers, as well as the difference in relation to the gender.The realized research confirmed the assumptions related to the body composition, the age differences in the same gender, and partly for the interval differences, on a sample of 23 dancers.Also, it was noticed that Latin American dancers are average body height and body weight, and the obtained measurement results are in line with previous research.
The sports result in the Latin American dance sport discipline depends on a number of external and internal factors, and the morphological structure of the dancers is just one of them.For this reason, only one-time anthropometric measurements are not sufficient.At the same time it is necessary to monitor the results of measurement, change their values and the impact of these changes on the mutual relationship of factors that include: body composition, functional abilities, technical level and results of the competition.Only in this way is it possible to perceive the connection between the components of the body composition and the sports achievement and to create the image of the ideal morphological model of the dancer we are trying to achieve.

Table 1 .
Descriptive statistics of anthropometric variables

Table 2 .
Comparative statistical indicators Statistically significant difference on level .05;** statistically significant difference on level .01Legend: df -degree of freedom, Mean Square -arithmetic mean of squares, F -coefficient of variance, p -significance, TV -body height, TM -body weight, BFBIA -percentage of body fat measured BIA method, BMI -body mass index, OPOTK -circumference of the lower leg, OPODL -forearm circumference, ONATK -thigh circumference, ONADL -upper arm circumference, DRUČ -wrist diameter, DLAK -elbow diameter, DKOL -knee diameter, DSKOČ -ankle joint diameter, DKNBI -biceps skin fold, DKNPODL -forearm skin fold, DKNNATK -upper leg skin fold, DKNPOTK -lower leg skin fold, DKNGR -breast skin fold, DKNTR -stomach skin fold, BFM -percentage of fat tissue by Matejka, BNM -percentage of bone tissue by Matejka, MSM -percentage of muscle mass by Matejka. * Since the BMI values of Serbian male dancers are higher than others, these differences can be the subject of some future research.The results of female dancers are approximately the same in both methods (19.95 and 20.70).
low 25 for both genders and all four sub-samples, and it can be said that dancers have normal nutrition (according toStojiljković et al., 2012, p. 331).Also, the results of the percentage of fat tissue in male dancers (16.57% by Matejka) and female dancers (20.70% by Matejka) show that the respondents are in the gender and age limit, accounting for 12-20% for men and 17 -26% for women(Stojiljković et al., 2012, p. 329), or 8-20% for men aged 18-39 and 21-33% for women aged 18-39 (Ostojić, cited according toStojiljković et  al., 2012, p. 329).If we compare the results obtained with the body composition, they are in line with the previous research in female dancers, while the male dancer has a small difference.The mean percentage of body fat in Latin American male dancers in Serbia is 16.57% ± 4.49, which is slightly higher than in previous studies in which this percentage was 12.