RELATIONS BETWEEN BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS MODEL AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVE IN ATHLETES RELACIÓN DE LA DIMENSIÓN DE PERSONALIDAD DEL MODELO DE LOS CINCO GRANDES Y LA MOTIVACIÓN DE LOGRO EN LOS DEPORTISTAS

Correspondence with the author: Biljana Mirkovic, E-mail: biljana.mirkovic@blic.net ABSTRACT The achievement motive is a relevant factor for sports success. Many athletes do not achieve success proportional to their potential possibilities precisely because they do not have sufficiently high achievement motive. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits model and achievement motive in athletes. The survey encompassed 301 athletes from the Republic of Srpska. We applied the Big Five Inventory and Achievement Motive Scale. A series of hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine the predictive contribution of personality traits to achievement motive and its components, after removing the impact of demographic variables on achievement motive. The obtained results indicate a significant predictive power of personality traits for achievement motive. The most powerful predictor of the total score of achievement motive was conscientiousness. By observing the components of the achievement motive, conscientiousness proved to be a significant positive predictor of all components of achievement motive. Other personality traits of the Big Five model have proved to be significant predictors of one or more components of achievement motive. The obtained results are important for researchers, in order to better understand achievement motive in sport, but also for sports coaches and selectors deciding on the athletes for competitions.

La motivación de logro es un factor relevante para el éxito en el deporte. Muchos deportistas no logran éxito proporcional a sus posibilidades potenciales precisamente por no tener expresada de manera suficiente la motivación de logro. El objetivo de la presente investigación ha sido examinar la relación entre la dimensión de personalidad del modelo de los cinco grandes y la motivación de logro en los deportistas. La investigación se ha realizado en la muestra de 301 deportistas de la República Serbia. Se ha aplicado el Inventario de los cinco grandes y la Escala de motivaciones de logro. Por una serie de análisis regresivos jerárquicos se ha examinado la contribución predictiva de la dimensión de personalidad a la motivación de logro y a sus componentes, después de eliminar la influencia de variables demográficas en la motivación de logro. Como el más fuerte predictor de la suma total de motivaciones de logro se mostró la conciencia. Observando los componentes de la motivación de logro, la conciencia se mostró como importante predictor positivo de todos los componentes de la motivación de logro. Las demás dimensiones de personalidad del modelo de los cinco grandes se mostraron como predictores importantes de uno o de varios componentes de la motivación de logro. Los resultados obtenidos son importantes tanto para los examinadores, para comprender mejor las motivaciones de logro en el contexto de deporte, como también para los entrenadores deportivos al hacer la selección de deportistas para las competencias.

INTRODUCTION
Since competition and effect evaluation are some of the basic components in sport, the achievement motive is an important factor of sport success. The achievement motive has a direct impact on the effects of sports activities presented through the sport result (Singer, 1972). In fact, results of different studies indicate that athletes with prominent the achievement motive expresses strong energy aimed at achieving the goal, perceive their competence as high and feel that they control achievement. They are willing to take a risk which is motivating for them, they are realistic and do not seek to achieve the impossible; they see a success as something stable and depending on the internal factors which are under the control, they are concentrated on their tasks and are not pleased with reaching easily achieved goals but the success that requires the ultimate efforts, and achieving such success increases their level of aspiration (Vujanović, 2015). Also, it is a fact that many athletes do not achieve a success proportional to their potential precisely due to the lack of sufficiently prominent the achievement motive (Pajević, 2006).
The achievement motive in literature is defined as a relatively permanent disposition whose essence is composed of more or less expressed need for competence, i.e. being successful in situations when it is necessary to reach or exceed a certain standard of success (Rheinberg, 2004). According to McClelland (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1953), the author who pointed to the importance of the achievement motive, this complex motivational disposition contains two components: personal tendency to set up a goal and competition with others.
The modern studies of the achievement motive structure conducted by Franceško, Mihić, and Bala (2002a) indicate that there are four components of this complex motivational disposition: competition with other people, persistence in achieving a goal, goal achievement as a source of satisfaction and orientation towards planning. The conclusion of these authors is that the two basic components included by the achievement motive are making efforts to achieve what is considered valuable -setting up goals, and how to make yourself prominent -competition with others (Franceško et al., 2002a), which is corresponding to McClelland's concept of the achieve-ment motive. The other two separated components are instrumental traits or behavior forms developed by a person in order to be successful when competing with others and/or achieving goals. Namely, persons prone to competing and/or achieving goals, but lack the persistence, endurance, and orientation towards planning, will not probably be successful ( The survey was conducted in September and October 2019. The data were collected during visiting clubs of respondents. The participation was voluntary and anonymous. Prior to the start of the examination, the respondents were explained that the collected data would be used solely for research purposes, and then they were handed questionnaires which they completed in about 20 minutes.

Instruments
Achievement Motive Scale (MOP2002; Franceško et al., 2002b) consists of 55 items distributed in four subscales examining components of the achievement motive: Competition with others, Persistence in goal achieving, Goal achievement as a source of satisfaction and Orientation towards planning. The respondents had to evaluate to what extent they agree with each item (from 1 -completely disagree to 5 -completely agree) using a five-point Likert-type scale. The reliability of the subscales measured by Cronbach's alpha, for this study, was .90 for Competition with others, .77 for Persistence in goal achieving, .86 for Goal achievement as a source of satisfaction, .82 for Orientation towards planning, and .92 for the whole scale.
Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue & Kentle, 1991). The questionnaire contains 44 items distributed in five sub-scales that measure personality traits: Extraversion, Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism. The items are formulated as short phrases based on the adjectives of traits that are the prototypes of the Big Five model. The task of respondents was to evaluate to what extent they agree with each item (from 1 -completely disagree to 5 -completely agree) using a fivepoint Likert-type scale. The reliability of the subscales measured by Cronbach's alpha, for this study, was .76 for Extraversion, .70 for Openness to experience, .85 for Conscientiousness, .69 for Agreeableness and .72 for Neuroticism.
Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire which was designed for this research, consisted of three pathologically unique field of personality (McCrae & Costa, 1990).
The great attention in sport is paid to the selection of talented athletes for a particular type of sport. A criterion of different programs for 'talent scouting' is mostly based on correlations between the innate abilities and requirements of a certain sport, based on which they try to predict the potential maximum range of sports success and achievement (Durand-Bush & Salmela, 2001; Lidor, Côté, & Hackfort, 2009). However, athletes nowadays face great challenges and temptations during their sports careers, and the realization of their talents and efforts is, to a large extent, determined by their personality and motivation to achieve sports results

METHOD Respondents
The research involved 301 athletes. The sample consisted of 68,2% male and 31,2% female, aged 18 to 33 (M = 21.34, SD = 2.83). The average length of the sports service is 9 years (M = 9.20, SD = 4.31). More than half of the respondents, 60.8% of them achievement motive: competition with others, is not in a significant correlation with openness to experience and neuroticism). The achievement motive and its four components are in the highest correlation with conscientiousness (.27 < r < .72). Table 2 shows the results of a series of hierarchical regression analyses conducted with the aim to examine the predictive contribution of personality traits to the achievement motive and its components, beyond and above the variance explained by demographic variables. In each hierarchical regression analysis, the first step was to enter a set of demographic variables; gender (binary variable coded as 0 = male, 1 = female), age and length of the sports service, and then to enter personality traits in the second phase. motive and its components. The analysis was done in SPSS 20.0 software package. Table 1. presents the descriptive statistical measures and correlations between variables used in the study.

RESULTS
questions about the following demographic characteristics: gender, age and length of the sports service.

Data analysis
In addition to the basic indicators of descriptive statistics and correlation analysis, a series of hierarchical regression analyses (for excluding the potential influence of demographic variables on the achievement motive) was applied to examine the predictive contribution of personality traits for the achievement Measures of average and variability, skewness and kurtosis for the Achievement Motive Scale and the Big Five Inventory (Table 1) do not indicate major distribution deviations compared to a normal distribution (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001).
Analysis of correlations between the components of the achievement motive (Tabela 1) shows that all relations are significant and positive (.38 < r < .67). Considering the correlations between the personality traits of the Big Five model and the achievement motive, we can see that extraversion, conscientiousness, and openness to experience are in significant positive, while neuroticism is insignificant negative correlation with the achievement motive and its components (only a component of the positive predictor of component: persistence in achieving а goal (β = .10, p < .05), and the agreeableness is a significant negative predictor of component: competition with other people (β = .15, p < .05). The neuroticism is a significant positive predictor of component: competing with others (β = .15, p < .05), while openness to experience presents a significant positive predictor of component: goal achievement as a source of satisfaction (β = .19, p < .01) and component: persistence in achieving а goal (β = .15, p < .01).
By observing the total score of achievement motive, it can be seen that all personality traits of Big Five model are significant positive predictors of the total score of achievement motive, except the agreeableness which is a significant negative predictor. Consciousness is the most powerful predictor of the total score of achievement motive (β = .62, p < .01).
The obtained results (Table 2) show that all models with included predictor set of personality traits are statistically significant. Also, results show that for each component of the achievement motive, personality traits introduce statistically significant changes in the percentage of the explained variance compared to the model whose predictor set includes only demographic variables. This contribution ranges from 11% (in case of component: competition with others) up to 56% of the explained variance (for the component: persistence in goal achieving). The trend of growth in the percentage of the explained variance after introducing a set of personality traits indicates the significant predictive power of Big Five personality traits for achievement motive.
By observing the components of achievement motive, it can be seen that conscientiousness is a significant positive predictor of all components of achievement motive. The extraversion is a significant

DISCUSSION
Based on the results of the existing studies, which established a significant relationship between personality traits of the Big Five model and achievement motive in an academic and corporate environment, the aim of this study was to examine the relations between personality traits of the Big Five model and achievement motive in athletes. The obtained results show that the personality traits of the Big Five model significantly determine the achievement motive in athletes.
Conscientiousness proved to be the most powerful, positive, predictor of the total score of the achievement motive. By observing the components of achievement motive, conscientiousness proved to be a significant positive predictor of all components of achievement motive. Conscientiousness represents the ability of self-control in a sense of a self-disciplined tendency towards goals and strict adherence to one's own principles (McCrae & Costa, 1990 Openness to experience proved to be a significant positive predictor of the total scores of achievement motive, and its components: persistence in goal achieving and goal achievement as a source of satisfaction. These results show that open-minded people, who are dedicated to finding information and have an active approach to enriching their quality of life (McCrae & Costa, 1990), also tend to be persistent in achieving goals and to perceive the achieved goals as a reward. In addition, the study conducted by  indicated a positive relationship between openness and achievement motive in an academic context, and the study performed by  pointed to a positive relationship between openness and achievement motive in the work environment.
Agreeableness proved to be a significant negative predictor of the total score of achievement motive, and its component: persistence in goal achieving. These results show that open-minded people, who are dedicated to finding information and have an active approach to enriching their quality of life (McCrae & Costa, 1990), also tend to be persistent in achieving goals and to perceive the achieved goals as a reward. In addition, the study conducted by  indicated a positive relationship between openness and achievement motive in an academic context, and the study performed by  pointed to a positive relationship between openness and achievement motive in the work environment.
Extraversion proved to be a significant positive predictor of the total score of achievement motive, and its component: persistence in goal achieving. Contrary to the findings of the previous studies that indicate negative relation between neuroticism and achievement motive in academic  and corporate environment Sharma, 2013), neuroticism proved to be a significant positive predictor of the total score of achievement motive in athletes. Also, neuroticism represents a significant positive predictor of achievement motive component: competition with others, which implies that concern and anxiety in sport context contribute to the tendency of an individual to be prominent and more successful than others.
Finally, although the achievement motive belongs to the category of social motive (McClelland et al.,  1953), the results of this study show that personality traits of the Big Five model significantly determine achievement motive in athletes.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study show that the personality traits of the Big Five model significantly determine the achievement motive in athletes, and the most powerful determinant is conscientiousness. The obtained results are important for researchers, in order to better understand the achievement motive in the context of sport, but also for sports coaches and selectors when selecting candidates for competitions. Namely, knowledge of personality traits can make it easier to assess the athlete's achievement motive, and in that way help in the selection of candidates for the competition. Since the achievement motive is a relevant factor for success in sport, it would be useful if further studies could examine the influence of other personal characteristics on the achievement motive in athletes.