A REVIEW OF WINE AND WINE TOURISM PRESENCE IN THE SCIENTIFIC PAPERS IN JOURNALS IN THE FIELD OF TOURISM

The aim of this paper is to indicate the representation of the papers related to wine and wine (eno) tourism in the scientific journals in the field of tourism from the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) list, with the Impact Factor (IF) – Clarivate Analytics. Fifteen journals have been analyzed on the basis of the phrase presence related to wine and wine tourism in titles, keywords and abstracts. 91 papers have been singled out, with their review per journal, as well as summary of publication frequency per year. The significance of wine and wine tourism in the entire tourism is emphasized through the tendency of their increasing presence in the most relevant scientific journals in the field. This paper creates a foundation for the authors interested in detailed research of the papers published so far, and therefore further development of the scientific and research activities related to wine and wine tourism. © 2019 EA. All rights reserved.


Introduction
Represented in proverbs, customs, beliefs, thoughts of famous people and those less famous, as well as songs, wine has always been "the initiator" for the people. It has always been a component of human life. The relation towards wine has directed people in many areas of life, determining their view of themselves to a certain point, as well as the environment and the world we live in. Wine has multiple meanings. It is not just a product similar to other alcoholic drinks. It is "a person living", just as any other living It is obvious that aforementioned countries with the largest vineyard surface area and production also have the greatest potential for wine tourism development. Still, there is a question of whether everything is in area and production scope. The above-mentioned elements are important in terms of the economic effects that arise from product placement in the market, especially the foreign market, through exports. On the other hand, wine areas should be singled out by some particularity in terms of service sector development, i.e. integrated sector of production and services. This kind of wine areas, destinations as well as individual service providers' differentiation in the field of wine and wine tourism represent a necessary marketing strategy in order to attract tourists. Therefore, wine tourism is the foundation for the emergence of the "silent" export, the kind that could have significant advantages in comparison to the traditional (classical) export type, especially through cost reduction. All things considered, along with the particularities that wine tourism possesses, make this area of tourism very interesting for scientific and professional studies both on supply and demand sides.
The subject of this paper is an overview of the representation of wine and wine tourism in scientific papers in selected journals in the field of tourism. Therefore, this paper is trying to offer the answer to the following question: "What is the significance of wine in the scientific research in the field of tourism?". The aim of this paper is to point out the number of papers related to wine and wine tourism in the scientific journals in the field of tourism that are listed in the JCR list (have Impact Factor -IF), to highlight the contribution of these papers, and to determine the frequency of words in the keywords listed in analyzed papers. On the basis of the analysis conducted by Carlsen (2004), we can draw a conclusion that there is a dual approach (wine industry production and service orientation) that should be integrated into a unity as soon as possible. Thereby, five key issues important for all wine regions and wineries are: 1) "How do successful wineries manage to make the transition from a supply-led to a demand-driven business environment?, 2) Does wine tourism enable wineries to become price-makers instead of price-takers? 3) Within a wine region, how and when does the locus of economic activity shift from wine production to tourism over time? 4) How do wineries and wine regions diversify their products and services to meet the changing needs of visitors? 5) What is the relative importance of capital growth compared to profit as wealth creation activities in wine regions?" (Carlsen, 2004, pp. 8-9). Montella (2017) provides an overview of works related to wine tourism and sustainability (43 papers (p. 3)). It also concludes that the majority of works are related to new wine producing countries (if the work relates to a specific country), and that more than half of the works were published after 2006 (p. 3). A more detailed analysis of the presence of sustainable (wine) tourism in the literature, emerging traits (eg "from the literature it emerges that sustainable wine tourism is strongly linked to the culture and distinctive traits of the local community and place" (p. 5)), motivations and drivers and geographical distribution and trends (pp. 4-7).
Sánchez, Del Río & García (2017) determined that there were 118 articles published in the Web of Science (WoS) and 191 in Scopus until 2014, and they all refer to wine tourism (p. 9). "The Scopus database was the first to incorporate the concept of wine tourism in 1984 and it contains the most records" (Sánchez, Del Río & García, 2017, p. 11). They emphasize that "in the last five years (2010-2014), more than 60% of wine tourism papers contained in Wos and Scopus have been published, 72 and 117 articles respectively" (Sánchez, Del Río & García, 2017, p. 11). The author with the largest number of papers is Alonso, A. D. (Scopus 21, WoS 10), whereas, on the other hand, the most productive journal (with the largest number of papers) is Tourism Management (WoS 13, 11.02%; Scopus 12, 6.28%), the only one with a two-digit number of papers (Sánchez, Del Río & García, 2017, pp. 12-13). Gómez, Pratt & Molina (2018) carried out an extensive research on the presence of wine tourism in the scientific papers from 1995 to 2014 (176 papers), emphasizing, at the same time, that the framework for wine research has been expanded with two new fields compared to the previous formulations, and they are "regional development and the experiential wine tourist". Mitchell & Hall (2006) offer a review of "the Australian research into winery visitation", "the research on New Zealand winery visitation", and "other international research into winery visitation" (North America, Europe, Southern Hemisphere, other), whereas they concluded that (at that moment)" Australia and New Zealand are the source of the vast majority of published literature on winery visitation" (Australia 38%, New Zealand 31%), followed by prevailing North America (pp. 308-311).

Materials and methods
The research is conducted on the 6 th and 7 th July 2019, on the sample of 15 scientific journals in the field of tourism (journals which names refer directly to the words "tourism", "tourist") from the Journal Citation Reports (Clarivate Analytics, 2018) list, with the Impact Factor (IF). The choice of these journals adds to the significance of the analysis, considering that we speak of the currently best journals in the field. Thus, the analysis of the wine and wine tourism presence in the published papers is improved additionally, indicating the tendencies for the study in this field at the highest, world level. The review of the analyzed journals along with their Impact Factor (IF) is offered in the table below ( Table 1.).
After determining the papers, the papers were individually analyzed and a brief explanation of their scientific and professional contribution was given in the tables. In this way, the essence of each of the papers related to wine and wine tourism within the analyzed journals is presented. Also, the most common authors of the analyzed papers have been identified.
The frequency of words in keywords was then determined (words of the same meaning were observed together) and presented a) by journals, b) by time periods, and c) in total.
Hall (2011) giving a bibliometric analysis through performance indicators and databases states that one of the three groups of performance metrics is "productivity metrics, which includes metrics such as number of (cited) papers, number of papers per academic year, number of papers per individual author" (p. 21). This paper meets the stated group of productivity metrics with the exception of the number of citations.

Results and discussions
It is established that 13 out of 15 journals (86.67%) selected for the analysis contain at least one paper directly related to wine and wine tourism to a lesser or greater extent. The total of such papers was 91, indicating the average number of papers as 6.07, median 4, mode 2, standard deviation 6.01, minimum 0 (Tourist Studies, Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education), maximum 20 (Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing), as is the range. On the basis of the aforementioned, it is obvious that the Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing has the greatest share in the total number of papers (21.98%), while only three more journals have a two-digit share (Tourism Management -16.48%, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research -12.09%, International Journal of Tourism Research -12.09%). If only the journals with the papers on wine/wine tourism are taken into account (13 journals), the average number of the papers per journal is 7, median 5, mode 2, standard deviation 5.92, minimum number 1, maximum 20, with rank 19. All previous numbers are rounded to two decimal places.
There is a total of 74 papers with wine/wine tourism in the title, which is a significant percentage (81.32%) compared to the established number of papers on the subject. The average number of the papers per all the analyzed journals (15) is 4.93, median 3, mode 2, standard deviation 5.01, minimum 0, maximum 17, as is the range (17). There is a complete match (100%) of all the papers referring to wine/wine tourism and the titles in case of 6 journals (40.00% of the total number of journals), while the lowest percentage is 40.00%. All previous numbers are rounded to two decimal places.
The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism per journal can be seen in the following  In order to get a systematic insight into the papers on wine and wine tourism published so far, a review of the papers per each journal individually will be offered below, whereas the papers are ordered per year of publishing (starting from the earliest paper published).
The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Tourism Management journal is offered in the table below ( Table 3.). The authors concluded that "winescape service staff and complementary product had significant effects on the wine tourist attitude toward the winery", and that "winescape service and wine value were also significant attributes in influencing the wine tourist attitude". The authors found that "the importance of customer service was found to be the primary predictor of intentions for repeat visitation". The impact of different product messages on wine tourists' willingness to pay: A non-hypothetical experiment

242-248
The authors conclude that the impact on WTP differs depending on the sharing of the promotional message (messages with sensory information -no impact, messages about awards -the most influential, messages about local production -a moderate increase). The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Annals of Tourism Research is offered in the table below (Table 4.). The authors came up with a result that confirmed that "the decision to contribute depends on behavioral and motivational factors, while the amount is incomedependent".

Rabbiosi, C. 2016
Place branding performances in tourist local food shops The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Current Issues in Tourism is offered in the table below (   (6), 539-556 The paper presents an "international perspective on wineries' educational initiatives", with the most common approaches to educating visitors/consumers are: "guided tours, product tastings and showcasing production processes" are the most common approaches to educating their visitors and wine consumers. The authors review 176 wine tourism papers published between 1995 and 2014, and also introduce "Regional development" and "the experiential wine tourist" as an extension of the wine tourism research framework.
The contribution of small accommodations to a sustainable tourism industry The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Journal of Sustainable Tourism is offered in the table below ( Table 6.). The benefits for most winery entrepreneurs (59%) are only marginal or none at all, while "little government support, lack of organization within the wine sector and limited resources" are present as problems, so "research, partnership creation and marketing" are needed to achieve sustainability. The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research is offered in the table below ( Table 7.).  (8),

1007-1031
The authors found that: a) "subjective norm influences visit intentions through the mediating role of travel motivation and so to attitudes toward domestic wine when mediated by wine-specific travel motivation", b) "past experiences positively affected visit intentions", c ) "A lack of wine knowledge and low confidence in domestic wine inhibited visit intentions".   According to the authors, the main benefits of wineries from wine tourism relate to "the promotion of the winery's wines, distantly followed by the potential to significantly increase wine sales". The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Tourism Geographies is offered in the table below (Table 9.).  (5), 676-698 The authors found that there was a "hierarchical differentiation between the wineries of the more established wine tourism regions has emerged", and that the development of wine tourism was responsible for the transformation of rural landscapes (especially in the regions with the most developed wine routes).  (Table 10.). An analysis of regional positioning and its associated food images in French tourism regional brochures

77-96
The authors found that "country products/dishes and raw/natural products dominate food images followed by wine and vineyards images". (France)

Demhardt, I. J. 2003
Wine and Tourism at the "Fairest Cape" Post-Apartheid Trends in the Western Cape Province and Stellenbosch (South Africa)

113-130
The authors analyze Stallenbosch and Stallenbosch Wine Route, Wine Route, and also conclude that "a new trend in wine tourism is highlighted by a case study of the hybrid wine and tourism developments at Spier Resort".

2007
Relationship between wine involvement and wine-related travel

31-46
The authors (analyzing the demographically diverse respondents) found that "although between market demographic differences were minimal, consumptive behaviours related to wine and wine tourism were consistent and profound (p < . By examining on-site and offsite marketing strategies ("based upon winery size and location"), the authors found that there were differences in "particularly with wine education at rural wineries and food/wine pairing techniques at larger wineries".  (7), 670-687 The authors found that "the profile of a wine tourist can be divided into two groups", and also that there was a "positive correspondence between the place of origin of a preferred wine and the destination selected when participating in wine tourism". (Aragon, Spain)

Kolyesnikova, N., & Dodd, T. H. 2009
There is no such thing as a free wine tasting: The effect of a tasting fee on obligation to buy

806-819
The authors found that visitors to the free wine tastings (compared to paying fee visitors) spent more money, "felt significantly more appreciative of the personnel", and felt a stronger obligation to make the purchase. Barber Wine tasting rooms are forms of experiential marketing because they contribute to "creating brand awareness and generating greater growth in off-premise retail sales". The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Tourism Management Perspectives is offered in the table below (Table 11.).  The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research is offered in the table below (Table 12.). "Both the wine and tourism industries are highly seasonal, and rely on cooperation for regional initiatives to manage seasonality, through events or marketing, particularly when the businesses are small scale and located in peripheral areas." The authors found that wine tourism in China was in the infancy stage, and that "core product needed more customers' involvement, and enrichment of the augmented product, to best position the wine destinations". The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in the Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality & Tourism is offered in the table below (Table 13.). The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in Journal of Tourism & Cultural Change is offered in the table below (Table 14.). The review of the papers on wine and wine tourism in Tourism Economics is offered in the table below (Table 15.).  On the basis of the data obtained in the review, it is clear that the oldest paper on wine and wine tourism in the analyzed journals was published in 1989, and the latest come from the research year -2019, indicating that the first paper was published more than three decades ago. Also, it can be observed that the number of papers was negligible until the beginning of the 21 st century (5 papers, 5.49%). The progress is already obvious in the first decade of the 21 st century, when a considerable number of papers was published (34 papers, 37.36%). So far, in the second decade of the 21 st century, 52 papers have been published, which is more than a half of the established number of the papers on wine and wine tourism (57.14%). This fact indicates an increase in the interest in wine and wine tourism, and therefore even a larger number of the papers can be expected in the following decades. The largest number of papers was published in 2012 (10; 10%), while there has been a regular number of papers published since 2015 (note: at the time of the research, three more papers were published (2019), and it certainly is not the final number). The review of the papers per year of publishing is offered in the following graph (Figure 1.). Finally, the subject and aim of this paper have been achieved on the basis of the aforementioned research results on wine and wine tourism.
After determining the number of papers related to wine and wine tourism in the analyzed journals, the frequency of words in the keywords of the analyzed papers was determined. In order to better understand the distribution of keywords, it is necessary to present them by journals, by time periods and in the total number of papers.

Conclusions
As it is obvious from the review of the papers on wine and wine tourism, this field is represented in 13/15 analyzed journals, whereas the total number of papers is 91. The papers appear in the range from 1989 to 2019 (as the year of the research), whereas the greatest share was published in the 21 st century (86; 94.51%), especially in its second decade (52; 57.14%) -most of them in 2012 (10; 10%). There has been a continuous flow in the number of the papers published since 2015; therefore, on the basis of the aforementioned data, it can be concluded that that the tendency of writing the scientific papers in the field of wine and wine tourism in the journals as the subject of the analysis will continue, increasing the annual number of papers in the following decades. Also, this paper gives highlights of the contribution of these analyzed papers, the most frequent authors, and presents the frequency of words in the keywords listed in analyzed papers. On the basis of all these facts, we can infer that the subject and aim of this paper have been achieved.
The contribution of this paper is in the review of the papers dealing with the topic of wine and wine tourism published in the most important journals in the world in the field of tourism so far (journals from JCR list with Impact Factor (IF) which names refer directly to the word "tourism"-(Clarivate Analytics, 2018)). This is the way of creating the basis for further analyses and studies in this field for the interested scientists and researchers.
Potential disadvantages of this paper lay in the analysis of the journals (not other types of publications), more precisely a certain number of journals (15) in the field of tourism (journals from JCR list with Impact Factor (IF) which names refer directly to the word "tourism"-(Clarivate Analytics, 2018), regardless of the papers on the subject of wine and wine tourism published in other journals of the same category (rank), but in other scientific fields. Also, the analysis referred to the presence of the phrases related to wine and wine tourism in the paper titles, keywords and abstracts, not excluding the possibility (although a small one) that some of the authors were dealing with a similar analysis in the text of the paper, without stating it in the elements of this analysis (title, keywords, abstract).
Further research could be directed towards the analysis of the rest of the publications available, the other significant journals in the field of tourism (but potentially the other "related" scientific fields as well) in order to acquire a more complete picture about the studies on the role of wine and wine tourism in the complete economic movements.
In addition to all that, wine tourism will still attract people in the future, and therefore its further study will be important in order to use the potentials of this type of tourism as completely as possible.