The Analysis of the Publications in the most Active Countries in Nanotechnology *

According to International Standardization Organization (ISO, 2010, website), nanoscience is ’the study, discovery and understanding of matter in the nanoscale’ (size range from approximately 1 nm to 100 nm), ’where sizeand structure-dependent properties and phenomena, as distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials, can emerge’, while nanotechnology is ’the application of scienti"c knowledge to manipulate and control matter in the nanoscalein order to make use of sizeand structure-dependent properties and phenomena, as distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials’. ’Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science "elds, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering“ (U.S. NNI, website). Nanotechnology has been de"ned as ‘a multidisciplinary "eld in support of a broad-based technology to reach mass use by 2020, o#ering a new approach for education, innovation, learning, and governance’ (Roco, M. et al., 1999, in Roco, M. et al., 2011, p. 3557). $e origin of nanotechnology is associated with physicist Richard Feynman (see more: Feynman, R., 1960). $e term ‚nanotechnology‘ was "rst used by professor Norio Taniguchi (the University of Tokyo, 1974). Eric Drexler gave his contribution in shedding light on the phenomenon of ‚nanotechnology‘ by exploring it more closely during the 80s of the 20th century (see more: Drexler, E., 1986; Milanović, V. et al. 2014, p. 55). Nanoscience and nanotechnology have made big progress in the last three decades (1982: $e invention of the scanning tunneling microscope; 1985: the discovery of fullerenes). A key stimulus to further


INTRODUCTION
According to International Standardization Organization (ISO, 2010, website), nanoscience is 'the study, discovery and understanding of matter in the nanoscale' (size range from approximately 1 nm 1 to 100 nm), 'where size-and structure-dependent properties and phenomena, as distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials, can emerge' , while nanotechnology is 'the application of scienti c knowledge to manipulate and control matter in the nanoscalein order to make use of size-and structure-dependent properties and phenomena, as distinct from those associated with individual atoms or molecules or with bulk materials' .'Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science elds, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering" (U.S. NNI, website).Nanotechnology has been de ned as 'a multidisciplinary eld in support of a broad-based technology to reach mass use by 2020, o ering a new approach for education, innovation, learning, and governance' (Roco, M. et al., 1999, in Roco, M. et al., 2011, p. 3557).
e origin of nanotechnology is associated with physicist Richard Feynman (see more: Feynman, R., 1960).e term ‚nanotechnology' was rst used by professor Norio Taniguchi (the University of Tokyo, 1974). 2 Eric Drexler gave his contribution in shedding light on the phenomenon of ‚nanotechnology' by exploring it more closely during the 80s of the 20th century (see more: Drexler, E., 1986; Milanović, V. et al. 2014, p. 55).Nanoscience and nanotechnology have made big progress in the last three decades (1982: e invention of the scanning tunneling microscope; 1985: the discovery of fullerenes).A key stimulus to further Summary: Nanotechnology publications as one of the parameters of a country's level of nanotechnology (nanotech innovation), while nanotechnology innovations are considered the source of its competitive advantage.The country's competitiveness in the level of nanotechnology activity determine the total number of nanotechnology publications and the mean number of citations.In this paper, we have analyzed the scientific nanotechnology activity of the most active countries in this field (countries whose number of nanotechnology publications exceeds 1,000 annually).We used data on nanotechnology publications collected from Web of Science -WoS database and published by Nano Statistics -Nano Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard.We analyzed the trend of the total number of published nanotechnology publications, the mean number of citations trend, trend of the relations of published nanotechnology publications and gross domestic product, and the trend of relations of published nanotechnology publications and the number of residents in the surveyed countries.Based on the regression-correlation analysis, we predicted the expected value of the total number of nanotechnology publications published in 2015 for China and the United States, because these are the countries that dominate in the total number of published nanotechnology publications in the world.
Keywords: competitiveness, nanotechnology innovations, publications, citations, regression-correlation analysis.erefore, nanotechnology publications (as a quantitative output) are an indicator of nanoscienti c excellence, while nanotechnology citations are indicators of nanotechnology publications' quality (Hullmann, A., 2006, p. 26).According to Hullmann and Meyer (2003, p. 509), with nanotechnology publications as indicators of nanoscienti c performance, the previous development of nanotechnology can be presented, and future potentials predicted.However, since nanotechnology is an emerging technology, the forecast of its potential through nanotechnology publications does not necessarily have to be a key indicator of future events.'Publication databases are very large and can sometimes be poorly indexed, as they collect data from various journals relying on di erent indexing systems and nomenclatures' (Palmberg, C. et al., 2009, p. 34).
at is why the database choice (the data sources) is of crucial importance.We believe that the data base used here, the ISI WoS by Nano Statistics -Nano Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard (Nano Statistics, website), is su ciently respectable.Some authors believe that trends in nanotechnology publications, rather than their absolute number should be observed.
is paper analyzes both the trends and absolute values, as well as some relative relations.

NANOPUBLICATIONS AS A TOPIC IN SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES OR STUDIES
Bibliometric analysis of nanotechnology publicationsis one of the topics of economics approach in nano-research.Table 1 (A-E) shows nanopublications as a topic in scienti c articles or studies (selected articles, criterium: the number of citations to articles).
To analyze nanopublications from relevant nanopublication databases, di erent search methodologies have previously been used.Huang et al. (2010) classied approaches into four main groups: lexical queries, evolutionary lexical queries, citation analyses, and core journal strategies (see: Table 2).
We believe that Nano statistics -Nano Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard database uses all four approaches to search.

METHODOLOGY
Scienti c nanotechnology activity of the most active countries in nanotechnology is analyzed in the paper.e following trends were observed: the trend of the total number of published nanotechnology publications, the trend of average number of citations, the trend in the ratio between the number of published nanotechnology publications and gross domestic product (GDP), as well as the trend in the ratio between the number of published nanotechnology publications and the population.e most active countries in nanotechnology were determined to be those with more than 1,000 nanotechnology publications annually.ese are: the United States (the USA), Canada, China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, India, Ger-many, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Russia.
e bibliometric method that involves the use of various quantitative and statistical analyses is used in the study.Bibliometric analysis of nanotechnology publications is important in the study of emerging technologies, involving nanotechnology.However, the analysis of bibliometric parameters can be carried out in various directions, and with a considerable amount of justi cation in each case.erefore, the data on nanotechnology publications and citations in the observed countries and for a speci c period of time (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013), collected from WoS database, and published by Nano Statistics -Nano Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard are used in this paper.For the time being, the WoS database is considered to be ).In the attempt to achieve the greatest possible comprehensiveness, we chose NanoStatisticsdata, since they use theWoSdatabaseas a data source.First, an overview was made of the number of nanotechnology publications indexed in the ISIWoS database in the period 2005-2013 in the surveyed countries (Source: Nano Statistics, website).e overview pointed to two clusters within which the observed countries grouped.e countries with a signi cant number of published nanotechnology publications were positioned in the uppercluster, in relation to the countries that were in the bottom cluster.at was one of the reasons to perform further regression-correlation analysis for the countries from the uppercluster.en we determined the average number of citations, i.e. the ratio between the number of citations and the number of published nanotechnology publications in the observed countries, also in the period between 2005 and 2013 (Source: Nano Statistics, web-site), since we believe that the citations represent one of the possible indicators of nanotechnology research quality.Yet, we are aware of the fact that the quality of research is certainly very di cult to assess.
Virtually all the countries observed in the paper are at the very top of the list of the countries ranked by GDP ( e WorldBank,website), the di erence inGDP (ppp) among these countries being signi cant.In this regard, we performed the analysis of the number of published nanotechnology publications per GDP (ppp) for the observed countries in the period 2005-2012 (Source: Nano Statistics, website).e observed countries were also di erentiated according to their population, so that the analysis of the ratio between number of published nanotechnology publications and the number of population (Source: Nano Statistics, website) in the same period (2005-2012) was also performed.
By structuring our analysis in this way, we tried to gaininsight into the level of scienti c nanotechnology activity in the observed countries, and possibly predict which countries could be expected to be most active in the eld of nanotechnology scienti c activity in the near future-until 2015.Regression-correlation analysis shows that in the case of China the growth rate is linear (quadratic regression curve), while in the case of the USA, the growth rate is constant (linear regression curve) (Chart 2, Chart 3).

TREND ANALYSIS OF SCIENTIFIC NANOTECHNOLOGY PUBLICATIONS AND THEIR CITATIONS
e degree of determination coe cient of regression for China is 0.996, and for the USA it is 0.995 (see: Chart 2, Chart 3).
A high degree of determination coe cient of bothregressions-in China and in the USA supports this regression-correlation analysis.Also, according to this regression-correlation analysis, in 2015, the number of published nanotechnology publications of Chinese scientists is expected to be approximately twice as large as the number of published nanotechnology publications of scientists from the USA.e expected number of nanotechnology publications in 2015 from China is about 45,000, and from the USA it is about 23,000.
Other countries observed -those from the lower cluster (see Chart 1), show a tendency of linear growth in the number of nanotechnology publications with similar growth coe cient.It is important to note that the growth coe cients of the number of nanotechnology publications from South Korea and India are noticeably higher than the coe cient growth of the number of nanotechnology publications from other countries of the lower cluster (Chart 1).
According to Chart 4, which represents the average number of citations (the ratio of the number of citations and the number of published nanotechnology publications) in the observed countries in the period 2005-2013, all curves are declining, as expected.
e curves are declining because every next year implies less time for potential citations of published nanotechnology publications.It should be noted that the number of nanotechnology citations was deter- The data source: Nano Statistics, website mined for the rst half of 2014.According to that criterion, nanotechnology publications from the USA are of the highest quality (are most cited), while the quality of Chinese nanotechnology publications is at a signi cantly lower level (belonging to the lower cluster).Another best-positioned country, according to the criteria of the average number of citations, is the United Kingdom, while Canada is the third.As presented in Chart 4, the lowest positioned country is Russia,which suggests that its nanotechnology publications are least cited, i.e. that the articles by Russian authors are least cited.Chart 5 presents the number of published nanotechnology publications per GDP (ppp) for the observed countries in the period 2005-2012.e best ratio between the number of published nanotechnology publications and GDP throughout the whole observed period can be seen with South Korea and Taiwan.ey stand out, and according to this criterion, are positioned in the upper cluster.e decline in the number of nanotechnology publications in relation to GDP in Taiwan in 2006 compared to 2005 is interesting.It requires a separate analysis and could be the subject matter of some futurere search.
e fact is that all countries except Russia show the growth in the number of nanotechnology publications per GDP, which may be a result of a quality response of nanotechnology science to the increased investment init, or perhaps the increase of the obtained results' quality in previous years.e apparent slight decrease in the number of published nanotechnology publications per GDP in Russia indicates the lack of productivity of scienti c research results.However, the fact that the number of published nanotechnology publications is always a measure of real quality cannot be accepted in advance, especially for Russia, because The data source: Nano Statistics, website if we consider the number of their published nanotechnology publications per capita, but also if we consider the growth of nanotechnology publications.All other countries observed, as well as the two leading ones have a positive rate of linear growth, but their growth rate is lower than the rate recorded by Taiwan and South Korea.According to this criterion, the lowest rankings are recorded by Russia, China and India.
ey have the fewest number of published nanotechnology publications per capita and the lowest rate of their growth.is is expected, given the number ofpeople in China and India, and even Russia.

CONCLUSION
Relying on bibliometric indicators, this paper aims to show the quantity and quality of scienti c nanotechnology activity in the most active countries in nanotechnology-the USA, Canada, China, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, India, Germany, e United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, and Russia.
Bibliometric analysis of nanotechnology publications is a good choice considering that it is an emerging technology, and a convergent discipline (convergence of multipledisciplines). e WoS database of nanotechnology publications is the authoritative source of data, given that this is a convergent discipline.
e trend and number of published nanotechnology publications point to the quantity, while the average number of citations to the quality of scienti c nanotechnology activities.e trend and number of published nanotechnology publications per GDP, i.e. by population, point to scienti c and innovation nanotechnology potential of the observed countries.
Results indicate that China and the USA are the leaders in the quantity of nanotechnology publications, as measured by the total number of nanotechnology publications published by these countries.In 2008 China radically took the primacy from the USA, both in the absolute number of published nanotechnology publications, and the growth rate.Other countries observed show a tendency of linear growth of the number of nanotechnology publications, with generally little di erence between their coe cients of growth, with the exception of South Korea and India, who have a higher coe cient growth in relation to others.
e USA is a leader in quality of nanotechnology publications, as measured by the average number of citations.It is followed by the United Kingdom and-Canada.Among the observed countries, China occupies a middle favorable position, with Russia occupying the least favorable one.One of the reasons why Russia is lagging behind in quality of nanotechnology activity is that the nanotechnology initiative of Russia (Rusnano) was established only in 2007.
e leaders of the ratio between the number of published nanotechnology publications and GDP throughout the whole period of observation, as well as the ratio between the number of published nanotechnology publications and population are South Korea and Taiwan.e lowest score among the observed countries, concerning the ratio between the number of published nanotechnology publications and GDP was scored by Russia.As already mentioned, it is a new player in the eld of nanotechnology, which is one of the reasons for its lagging behind in this indicator.South Korea and Taiwan show a positive rate of linear growth of the ratio between published nanotechnology publications and population, which is signi cantly higher than the rate of other observed countries.e countries with larger population, such as China, India, and even Russia have a fewer number of published nanotechnology publications per capita and a lower growth rate.India is also a new player in the eld of nanotechnology, and the country with a large population, as is the case with China.e trend and number of nanotechnology publications pub-lished by per GDP, i.e.per population are a measure of scienti c and innovation nanotechnology potential of countries, but they do not necessarily have to be so.Finally, based on the regression-correlation analysis performed, it was predicted that in 2015 China will be the most active in nanotechnology, as measured by the total number of the expected nanotechnology publications.e USA is expected to fall to the second place, with signi cantly poorer performance compared to China. is paper con rms that the competitive status of country in nanotechnology is determined by the level of its nanotechnology activities -the total number of published nanotechnology publications and the average number of citations.

Sažetak:
Analiza publikacija u zemljama najaktivnijim u nanotehnologiji Dušan Joksimović, Janko Cvijanović, Vesna Milanović, Nebojša Romčević The data source: Nano Statistics, website Russia has a well known history of avoiding to publish the results for security reasons.Chart 6 shows the ratio of the number of published nanotechnology publications per capita.e best ratio of the number of published nanotechnology publications and population during the observation period is recorded with Taiwan and South Korea.ey are the best positioned countries Chart 5: Number of nanotechnology publications (articles) per GDP (ppp) during the period 2005-2012;

Table 2 :
Bibliometric search strategies used in the literature to harvest the publications