STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BODY COMPOSITION STATUS IN ABU DHABI POLICE PERSONNEL

Monitoring of morphological status is necessary because human body structure is very important and at the same time biologically very changeable category that can be influenced by many external and internal factors. The aim of this study is a structural analysis of current state of body composition for purposes of establishing initial body composition model of Abu Dhabi police personnel. Measurement procedures have been conducted under the monitoring of Strategic Management & Performance Improvement Department, Sports Activity Section, Abu Dhabi police, in the gym for police officers with the help of the machine InBody 720. The sample size was 59 male police officers of different age and rank. The main characteristics of the sample were: age 31.53±9.42 years, height 173.08±6.13cm and body weight 80.10±11.50kg. Investigated variables were: height (H), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), percent of body fat (PBF), skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and per-


Introduction
Police officers have a wide range of responsibilities which include long hours in seated position at the office desk, traffic and walking patrols, securing individuals and facilities, public manifestations and gatherings, and many others.Implementing rules and laws among people requires an enormous amount of analytical thinking and emotional control.These are important to take into account while they directly affect the levels of stress that each in the task force is exposed to.In addition to the above mentioned, we have to take into account the physical effort that those men are experiencing.Their physical effort can vary from situation to situation, from bare minimum to a close to, if not, absolute maximum. 3,4 herefore, the selection process for this profession and the department control of health and physical status of policemen are very important processes during their career.Regarding that, the first, very visible indicators of health and physical status can be detected by regular follow up on body composition. 5t is widely known that body composition is the result of various factors such as diet, stress, the amount of physical activity and other factors that are parts of daily habits.Thus we take body composition as a reliable indicator of the current health.Research has shown that skeletal muscle mass in men decreases with age 6 which is led by the decrease of strength at about 5% 7 overall.3 Sorensen, J. S; Physical activity, fitness and body composition of Finnish police officers: a 15-year follow-up study.Occupational Medicine, issue 50, volume 1/2000, pages 2-10.4 Dimitrijević, R., Umičević D., Dopsaj, M; Mofološki model ženskih pripadnika komunalne policije Beograda, Glasnik antrolološkog društva Srbije, 48/2013, pages 97-106.5 Despres, J., Lamarche, B; Effects of diet and physical activity on adiposity and body fat distribution: implications for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, Nutrition Research Reviews, Vol.6/1993, pages 137-159.6 Hughes, V; Longitudinal changes in body composition in older men and women: role of body weight change and physical activity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, issue 76, volume 2/2002, pages 473-81.7 Goodpaster, B; The loss of skeletal muscle strenght, mass, and quality in older adults: The health, aging and body composition study.Journal of Gerontology, issue 61A, volume 10/2006, pages 1059-64.

Filip Kukić, Milivoj Dopsaj
[22] NBP • Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo way for defining body composition (underweight, normal weight, overweight, obesity, etc.) is an index of body mass relative to body height -body mass index (BMI).This gives us an assumption whether the body is more fatty or more muscular. 17Numerous publications speak in favor of using BMI when it comes to an explanation of body composition and estimation of prevalence of obesity. 18,19,20 Aso, it has been proven that percent of body fat (PBF) has a special place in explaining obesity level.This is due to the reason that BMI is highly influenced by PBF.Practically PBF allows more precise analysis of BMI and body morphology, especially in older people. 21Next to the fat mass, skeletal muscle mass is the second component of BMI of interest and methodologically it is very important to determine if BMI is the result of increased PBF or percent of skeletal muscle mass.Increment of PBF decreases potential of motor abilities, while increment of percent of muscle mass increases that potential which is highly important for better quality of life, higher professional competency, lowering stress level and better health. 22,23,24,25 Poce personnel are in charge of keeping the community safe and secure.Thus the process of selection for this job is a highly qualitative system of control and monitoring physical health of selected candidates.The nature of police work is often stressful, full of professional, physical and social pressures that gradually in time lead to accumulation of negative impacts on physiology and health. 26,27 n that regard, by monitoring the morphological status level of general fitness could be indirectly estimated.This probably might be an indication of the level of professional working efficiency.Monitoring allows us to estimate morphological status as a measure of the external esthetic look of the police officer, but also it controls the possibility of the appearance of potential health risks as a preventive measure of safety against job-related risks, as well as increased prevalence of obesity.To our knowledge, Abu Dhabi police do not have a system of evaluation of body composition status.However, it is obvious that there is scientific and professional need for conducting such research with the aim to make insight in the current state of body composition status and to establish the initial database for further development of the system of management and monitoring of Abu Dhabi police.
The aim of this study is a structural analysis of current body composition status for purposes of establishing an initial body composition model of Abu Dhabi police.This would contribute to the foundation for the development of an expert system of permanent monitoring of the general morphological status of Abu Dhabi police.

Methods
Research has been conducted as non-experimental according to the laboratory principles -using a random sample.It can be classified as applied scientific research.

Participants
Fifty-nine participants of different age and rank have been selected for this study.The main characteristics of the sample were: age 31.53±9.42years, height (H) 173.08±6.13cm and body weight (BW) 80.10±11.50kg.All participants and trainers that conducted measurements were informed about the aim of the study, and the participants were measured only if they agreed to be a part of the study.

Measurement procedure
Measurement procedures have been conducted under the monitoring of the Strategic Management & Performance Improvement Department, Sports Activity Section, Abu Dhabi police.We used the gym that belongs to police officers with the help of the InBody 720 machine.The participants were instructed to come in the morning before breakfast and fluid intake.However, they were coming anytime during the day when they were free and able to because of their working hours, which is 7:30 AM to 2:30 PM.To be as accurate as possible, they were instructed to fast at least 3 hours before measurement.All measurements were conducted using multi-channel bioelectric impedance InBody 720 (Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea) following its standard procedures.All results were printed out and then typed in software Microsoft Excel.
The participants were measured in underwear, barefoot and all metal, plastic, and magnetic accessories were removed as proposed in previous research. 28o measure their weight first, they positioned feet on metal spots designed for feet.After that, the instruction was given to them to extend their posture and look straight as when their height is measured.After the machine had signaled the end of weight measurement, the participants took the handles with electrodes positioned on the lower and the upper edge of the handles.Four fingers were positioned on the bottom edge, and thumb was placed on the top edge.Hands were parallel to the body with 15-20⁰ of shoulder abduction.The participants were standing steady in this position until the sound and instructors signal that measurement procedure is over.All results were printed out and typed into Microsoft Excel database.

Cluster criteria
Using a huge sample of data the World Health Organization (WHO) made the classification of the prevalence of BMI on 7 clusters29 is shown in Table 1.

Statistic procedures
A simple descriptive statistic was calculated including the measure of central tendency -Mean and measures of data dispersion -Standard Deviation (SD), Coefficient of variation (cV%), Minimum (Min) and Maximum (Max).All variables were tested for normality of distribution using Skewness and Kurtosis as well as non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.The prevalence of BMI, PBF, and PSMM was determined using cluster analysis.The prevalence of BMI was determined according to the WHO and the prevalence of PBF according to the ACE.PSMM was determined according to the procedures explained in previous publications. 32,33

Results
Table 4 shows calculated descriptive statistics for the investigated variables.Normality of distribution for tested variables of the studied sample is shown on histograms 1-5.Based on these results it can be reliably said that there are no extreme individual results and that the distribution of data is normal for the variables of interest for this study -H, BW, PBF, BMI and PSMM.It has been additionally confirmed with Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for non-parametric statistics.

Graph 5. Histograms of data distribution for PSMM for all participants, Skewness, Kurtosis and K-S test
After the descriptive statistics and normality of distribution have been concluded, cluster analysis was applied for the primary variables for this study and those are BMI, PBF, PSMM (Graphs 6, 7, 8).

Discussion
The data collected in this study gave a unique opportunity for developing the initial model of body composition and gave the first insight into the structure of body composition of Abu Dhabi police officers.The chosen variables are the ones that explain the space of body morphology very precisely because of its connection to the nature of their job, age, gender and environmental influence. 34,35,36,37,38 Bas on the results of the shape and normality of data distribution shown on Graphs 1-5, it can be concluded that Skewness and Kurtosis were placed within the range of: from Skewness = 0.091 for BW to Skewness = -0.467for PSMM, as well as from Kurtosis = 0.003 for BW to Kurt = 1.073 for H.This proves that all variables were distributed according to the standards of normality of data distribution where the results are placed within the range of -2 to 2. 39 Average body height of the sample was 173.06±6.13cm with a range of 156-191 cm (Table 4).According to this result, Abu Dhabi police is 8 cm shorter then police from Serbia -181.16.4 cm and Finland -181.5 cm.Comparing with Slovenian police -176.5±6.2 cm, the studied sample is shorter for 3 cm and 6 cm shorter than British police.Average body weight of our sample was 80.10±11.5 kg, which is about 2 kg less than Canadian recruiters -82.4±12.6 kg and 15 kg less than the same group after 12 years of service -94.6±15.9kg. 40Comparing to British police from 1987 (84.4±12.4kg), Abu Dhabi police was lighter for 4 kg but also shorter for 6 cm. 41Serbian police (91.313.5 kg) was 11 kg heavier than Abu Dhabi police but also 10 cm taller. 42When we calculated the average body height and body weight for police officers from Canada, Serbia, Finland and Great Britain (178 cm and 86.4 kg), Abu Dhabi Police was 5 cm shorter and 6.9 kg lighter.
Graph 6 shows that 22.03% of the sample falls in the group of obese I and pre-obese while 27.12% falls in the group of muscular/pre-obese.Therefore, the prevalence of the overweighed subjects with BMI greater than 25 kg/m 2 was 71.18%, which means that they have evident excess weight.It is clear for the pre-obese and obese class I where the excess weight comes from, but to calculate more precisely the excess weight in muscular/pre-obese group PBF criteria has to be used.27.12% has consisted of the subjects that are overweighed because they have a higher percentage of SMM (muscular) or they have a higher percentage of body fat (pre-obese).All the subjects whose higher BMI is fat-related might be considered as pre-obese.After consolidating the results according to BMI and PBF, 15% of the muscular/pre-obese group was pre-obese, and 12.12% was more muscular.That means that 59.06% of the sample could be considered as overweight, 34.17% would be average, and 6.77% could be considered as underweight.
Generally, the prevalence of subjects with normal weight (BMI ≤ 24.99) was 28.80% together with skinny and underweight.Muscular subjects from the muscular/pre-obese group (12%) are also considered as normally-weighted persons who increase the total prevalence of the subjects with normal weight and hypothetically, we can say that the prevalence of normally-weighted participants is 39.80%.On the other hand, the results show that the prevalence of pre-obese and obese subjects is 44.06%.However, as explained above, 15% from the muscular/pre-obese group is also considered pre-obese, which increases the prevalence to 59.06%.
In other words, practical distribution of 100 policemen would be as follows: 2 would be underweighted, 5 would be skinny, 22 would have normal weight, 12 would be muscular, 15 would be pre-obese, and 22 would be an obese class I and 22 would be obese class II and III.Obviously, 59 of them would be obese to some extent, and that means that more than every second policeman would have excess weight.Similar results were shown on the sample from Serbian 40 Boyce RW, Jones GR, Lloyd CL, Boone EL, Opus citatum, pages 1-13.41 Spitler, D.L., Facsm, J., Hawkins, J., Dudka, L, Opus citatum, pages 154-157.42 Dopsaj, M., Vuković, M, Opus citatum, str.28-48.

Filip Kukić, Milivoj Dopsaj
[30] NBP • Žurnal za kriminalistiku i pravo police. 43The prevalence in this study was 16.44% (BMI 30.00-34.99),29.35% (BMI 27.50-29.99),32.49% (BMI 25.00-27.49)and 18.40% (BMI ≤ 24.99).Research on 408 police officers (300 males and 108 female) has shown obesity prevalence of 40%, where the prevalence among males was 48.3%. 44Also, the research with Brazilian police showed that the prevalence was 63.9%. 45It looks that the high prevalence of obesity among the police around the world has been a regular phenomenon as shown in Table 5.Similar results for the level of obesity prevalence could probably be due to nature of work, bad eating habits, low level of physical activity outside of work as well as other personal, social and cultural factors.It could be concluded that the prevalence of obesity among police employees is very high in different countries from different continents regardless of the economic development of the country.The existing results have shown that the prevalence is gradually raising by each year spent in service. 46,47,48,49,50 Bioectrical impedance has been very reliable and precise method for estimating fat mass in the human body.This is the most important precondition for estimating fat mass relative to body weight -percent of body fat.Table 5 shows the results for PBF in different countries and comparing to the sample of this study there is no big difference.Average PBF for different countries was 24.92±6.42%while PBF for our sample was 24.35±7.57%.According to the ACE classification the sample of this study was classified as follows: there were no subjects with PBF below 5.99%; 13.56% of the sample were classified in group with PBF = 6-13.99%;8.47% of the sample were in group with PBF = 14-17.99%;28.81% of the sample were in group with PBF = 18-24.99%;and 49.15% of the sample were subjects with PBF above 25% (Graph 7).Therefore, the conclusion is that every other participant was obese.The same as it was the case with BMI, the prevalence of obesity regarding PBF is also very high, and it could be an additional explanation of the assumption that high BMI in this study is based mainly on high PBF.It could be concluded that the sample of this study has high BMI based on high PBF, which most probably could be the result of joined effects of physical inactivity, unusual climate conditions, inadequate diet and nature of work.
The average PSMM in this study was 43.314.49%with a range of Min = 34.79% to Max = 51.69%.Comparing with the results of Janssen's research based on 268 male subjects, the SMM of our sample was lower for 1 kg or 4%.Although the sample of this study is relatively small for making general and final conclusions, the rates of SMM are similar to those that Janssen got on a bigger mixed sample (Caucasian, Afro-Americans, Asians and Hispanic) from another continent.This could mean that there are a good reliability and validity of our study. 51Regarding that, the sample of this study has been divided into 5 classes according to the method used in the previous study shown on Graph 8. 52 From the graph it can be seen that 37.29% of the sample falls in the group with insufficient percentage of skeletal muscle mass, 28.81% of the sample falls into the group with below average percentage of skeletal muscle mass, 27.12% of the sample has average percent of skeletal muscle mass, 6.78% of the sample has above average percentage of skeletal muscle mass, while 0% has excellent percentage of skeletal muscle mass.By simple math, we can calculate that 66.10% of the sample has below average or insufficient percentage of skeletal muscle mass which additionally explains 59.06% prevalence of obesity or high BMI due to high PBF; because lower PSMM in the body leads to increased level of BMI due to increased amount of fat mass.Lower PSMM and higher PBF tell us that the given results are most probably the result of insufficient physical activity and bad eating habits. 53,54,55 T prevalence of subjects with above average and excellent percentage of skeletal muscle mass in total was 6.78%.This low percentage could be partly because of the used classification method and partly because the sample size was small and with a small age range.The sample from the study whose method we used here had PSMM (Mean±SD -47.59±4.34%)while our sample had PSMM 4.28% lower.Also, the age range of the sample of the mentioned study was 19-29 years, and there was a certain number of students while on the other side, our sample consisted of only regularly working employees of Abu Dhabi police.Accordingly, it is possible that the sample from used research had higher PSMM on account of students because they are more active during the day and usually they have more free time for different physical activities.The culture of the United Arab Emirates could also be one of the factors that might have an influence on quantity and quality of physical activity and eating habits because the Emirati people start their families relatively early and often they have 3 or more children by the age of 30.This important phenomenon should be taken into consideration in future investigations.

Conclusion
In this research the following characteristics were established as a starting point for defining body morphology of the measured employees of Abu Dhabi Police: age -31.53±9.42years, H -173.08±6.13cm, BW -80.10±11.1 kg, BMI -26.76±3.74kg/m 2 , PBF -24.35±7.57%,SMM -34.47±4.78kgand PSMM -43.31±4.49%.BMI, PBF, and PSMM of the sample were classified to classes so the insight of prevalence relative to those variables could be calculated.According to these results, our sample is similar to the results of a few studies conducted on the sample consisting of police officers from different countries, so it could be concluded that the police officers from Abu Dhabi police are not 53 Despres, J., Lamarche, B, Opus citatum, pages 137-159.54 Boyce RW, Jones GR, Lloyd CL, Boone EL, Opus citatum, pages 1-13.55 Rakić, S., Marković, M., Dopsaj, M., Mlađan D., Subošić, D, Opus citatum, pages 23-33.significantly different in comparison to their colleagues around the world.The prevalence of obesity of 59.06% is quite similar to the one of those around the world.This similarity of the samples and results from around the world clearly confirms that physical inactivity, eating habits and nature of work have a huge impact on body composition of employees.Thus, we may conclude that seeking for a solution to the problem of work-related obesity is very important.
Because physical activity has very positive influence on stress relief, speeds up the metabolism and blood flow, plus it is the only natural way of muscle mass development, it is imperative to find the way to motivate police officers to work out regularly.On the other side, it is very important to find the way how to motivate them to eat properly.In both cases, the most important factor is a systematic professional solution, which would lead to consciousness towards physical activity and individual motivation.Accordingly, finding solution for these issues probably lies in the multidisciplinary approach to the problem, where knowledge from newest psychology, physical activity, and diet studies will be implemented altogether.

Limitations
There are few methodological sources of limitations that might have an impact on the results represented in this study.The participants were measured at the time when they were able to come.This meant that there was no control over any intake of food or fluid, which is not proposed by InBody 720 guide.The size of the sample was not big enough to have the results generalized towards a greater population of Abu Dhabi police.The age range of the sample was 20 years, where the oldest participant was 49 years old.Generalization of the results to larger population older than 49 years is hypothetically very small.Gender of the sample was male only.Accordingly, we were able to reach conclusions for male population only.It is also important to mention that the sample consisted only of the employees that had a certain amount of physical activity.This is due to the fact that only officers that were the members of the gym were measured.In the future, it would be necessary to expand this study with a randomized mixed sample, which would increase validity and power of generalization of the results to a wider portion of police personnel.

Table 1 .
The International Classification of adult underweight, overweight, and obesity according to BMIThe American Council on Exercise (ACE) defined 5 clusters of the prevalence of PBF 30 that are shown in Table2.The sample of this study has been classified according to these clusters.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF BODY COMPOSITION STATUS IN ABU DHABI POLICE PERSONNEL

Table 2 .
The International Classification of PBF in adults according to ACE Skeletal muscle mass was classified into 5 clusters according to Mean and Standard Deviation which was previously explained in Rakić et al. 2013.

Table 5 .
Average BMI and PBF for different countries from different continents.