ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONALIZATION OF THE SERBIA ACCORDING TO THE AFFINITY OF LOCAL FAUNAS OF THE SKIPPERS AND BUTTERFLIES ( LEPIDOPTERA : HESPERIOIDEA & PAPILIONOIDEA )

Integrated list of skippers and butterflies of Serbia is shown. We also conducted faunal analyses of established species. Based on previous research, some regions have been identified as center of certain faunal groups. Degree of similarity of selected areas is established by Jaccard index method. By Cluster analyses has identified links between isolated areas. Specific faunal elements of certain areas have been separated – they are diferencial species. Summerazing the obtain results, zoogeographical map of the skippers and butterflies of Serbia is done.


INTRODUCTION
According to modern concept, diversity center of Lepidoptera in Palaearctic area is Western China.This area was settled by ancestor line from Gondvana (Varga, 2002).That is where migration and diversification began.Thanks to that greatest number of European skippers and butterflies belong to Palaearctic species group.East Asia species using the northern route (closed forest habitat) are indicated as Arboreal.East Asia species using the southern route (open habitats) are indicated as Oreal.Balkan Peninsula has been inhabited by both groups.That process has been repeated on several occasions from several directions.The success of migration depended on local environmental factors.Jagged territory enabled survival of species of different affinities.Thanks to that, particular territory has specific assemblage of species.That is, we talk about "faunal elements".
The main zoogeographical task is to establish faunal and areal elements of certain groups.Based on that, further on, zoogeographical data chart can be done.
The skippers and butterfliy faunal element research and definition has a long tradition.The first significant contribution was given by (Pagenstecher, 1909), than (Hormuzaki, 1929(Hormuzaki, , 1930)), (Rebel, 1932-33) as the leading expert of that time was first to conduct faunal analyses of skippers and butterflies of Balkan Peninsula.After Rebel several authors (see references: Annotated Bibliography) have contributed faunal elements definition.In this paper we addopted the system given by (Kudrna et al., 2015).
The first zoogeographic chart of Serbia was done by (Kobelt, 1904) based on Mollusca.He singled out three provinces: Carpathian-Transilvanian, North Balkan as well as Albanian-Macedonian.Some times later (Pavlović, 1912), based on snail studies of Serbia in that time, singled out five provinces.The first zoogeographic chart of entire contemporary Serbian territory, was done by (Hadži, 1931) based on cryptobiotic species study.Finaly, (Matvejev, 1968) did zoogeographic chart of Serbia based on birds distribution.
Having that in mind we can come up with an assumption (as antithesis) that Serbia has skippers and butterflies with heterogenus composition and historically conditioned disposition and in a compliance with current ecological condition.Accordingly, Serbian territory in a sense of zoogeography, is not homogenus but with clearly distinguished areas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to answer these questions eleven provinces on the territory of Serbia has been chosen.

Biology
Faunistic data were taken from the existing literature (Tab.1).(Jaccard's, 1902) index was used to present the degree of dissimilarity between zoogeographic regions: R= 100 C/A+B -C where: A = number of species in the richest fauna; B = number of species in the poorest fauna; C = number of species common to both faunas.For agglomerate clustering, UPGMA method were used (Sokal and Rohlf, 1995).Estimations were done using the program FLORA (Karadžić and Marinković, 2009).

RESULTS
Based on previous studies of butterfly fauna of Serbia (Tab. 1) list of established species has been done.Distribution of species is shown broken into 11 areas, that are set aside on basis of previous findings.Faunistic affiliation of each species is added, according to (Kudrna et al., 2015).
Table 1.List of provinces and previous papers on distribution of butterflies in Serbia.

FAUNAL
Pieris balcana (Lorković, 1968) Colias balcanica (Rebel, 1903) Leptotes pirithous (Linnaeus, 1767) Following procedure summarizes results of faunal origin analyses, which is shown in Tab. 3 and Fig. 1.Further procedure analyses degree of closiness/difference between 11 appointed regions, comparing number of common species (Tab.4).The results show that list number of common species in Pannonicum and Dacicum area compared to other areas.This is understandable because it is about fauna of plains, with modified steppa character versus hillmountain fauna areas with primary forest vegetation.Large mountain ranges of Serbia have the largest number of common species, resulting in greatest number of habitats.Additionaly the value has been enlarged by dominant Euro-Siberian species as most represented one in that area.

Biology
Table .4. An overview of a total number of butterfly species in the studied areas (A) and the number of species common to both faunas (C).Jaccard's coefficient analyses show the same value.The biggest difference exist between submediterranian and continental areas, as well as Pannonicum and Dacicum areas on one hand and inland on the other (Tab.5).
In that sense Cluster analyses show clear confines within analyzed areasfour clusters.On the other hand, Cluster analyzes indicate mutual proximity of some regions within given Cluster (Fig. 2; Tab. 6).For example, it is completely normal for Pannonia region and Dacia area to be in the same Cluster, the same goes for Šar-Planina Mt. (Scardicum) area and Prokletije Mt. (Bertiscum).
As it is shown in Tab. 4 and Tab. 5 the exsistence of large number of common species in compared areas disables their zoogeographical separation.Actually, this fact indicates that analyzed area belongs to same zoogeographical unit of higher order.However, for zoogeographical separation into low order units, differential species can serve the purpose.These are the specific elements of fauna, usually presented in one area (Tab.7).
Clima: ET = polar and alpine climate with average temperatures below 10 o C for all 12 months of the year.

The Ponišavlje Province
It covers valleys of Nišava River, Visočica River, Jerma River and associated tributaries including southern slopes of Stara Planina Mt. and Vidlič Mt.
Clima: Cfwbx′′, where C = mild temperatemesothermal climate; f = significant precipitation during all seasons; w = dry winters (in which the driest winter month average precipitation is less than one tenth the wettest summer month average precipitation); b = warmest month averaging below 22 o C (but with at least 4 months averaging above 10 o C); x′′ = the second precipitation maximum occurs in autumn.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Although in general it belongs to Central European faunal type, butterfly fauna of Serbia could still be zoogeographicaly separated.This separation is enabled by specific geological and tectonic history, diversifying ecological condition in territory, by richness and presence of specific faunal elements.Phytogeographical separation of Serbia (Gajić, 1984) identifies four main provinces: Pannonia, Moesia, Illiricum and Skardicum-Pind.(Hadži, 1931) geographical chart have three entities separated: Pannonia, Moesia and Illiricum.In this paper, presented chart basically coincides with Gajić and Hadži with one difference, that 11 zoogeographical entities have been recognized.

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Cluster tree of areas in Serbia according to composition of butterfly fauna.

Table . 5
. The degree of similarity coefficient (%) of the butterfly fauna in the analyzed areas obtained by Jaccard's coefficient.