ANALYSIS OF CRUISE SHIP TRAFFIC IN THE PORT OF SPLIT

Cruise ship traffi c is a part of a shipping industry, which is growing constantly both in number of ships and their capacity. Port of Split is second largest cruise port in the Croatia. Many analyses were made for the city of Dubrovnik and some measures for improvement as a result have already been taken. The goal of this paper is to provide detailed analyses of cruise ship traffi c in Port of Split as a basis for a future research of carrying capacity of Split’s cruise tourism in aspect of sustainable development.


INTRODUCTION
Since the early days of the development of cruise ships, the demand for this type of tourism has been increasing continuously, leading to building mega cruisers, larger than many cities. Today, the number of passengers on cruise ships is around 30 million a year, with a steady growth rate of seven percent annually. In Croatia, that number is around a million out of which about one quarter is in Split. Split is the largest passenger ferry port in Croatia and therefore has a vital role in organizing and conducting maritime transport, especially since it is connected through the City Port to a signifi cant part of Croatia's archipelagos: Brač, Šolta, Hvar, Vis, Korčula, and Lastovo. There are large oscillations in maritime transport during the year, because most of the maritime transport takes place during the summertime -over 60% in two summer months [1]. This is also the time when cruise tourism in Split is at its peak. With two new berths for large cruise ships, some relief has come in terms of Port space but the number of passengers is constantly increasing leaving the problem of carrying passenger capacity of the city together with the problem of crowding and congestion in the town centre.

CRUISE SHIP INDUSTRY
The cruise industry has been continuously growing since the 1970s and is considered to be the fastest-growing travel vacation segment ever [2]. Growth of cruise ship tourism in general is impressive -demand for cruising increased almost 50% in fi ve-year period from 2000-2005 [3] and then again by 50% in nine-year period from 2005 to 2014 and at last 20.5% in the last fi ve years [4]. In 2015 the total economic impact of the global cruise industry was the generation of US$117 billion and opening of almost 957 thousand jobs, paying US$38 billion in wages and salaries [5].

Cruise ship traffi c
At the beginning of 2010 world merchant fl eet had 291 cruise ship with 15.2 mil. BT and the average size of 54,047 BT [3] and at the beginning of 2018 there were 369 cruise ships with 550,000 berths [6]. Cruise ships are generally large ships. While they represent only 18% in total number of passenger vessels at the same time, they represent 93% in total BT of passenger vessels [7]. The cruise ship order book from 2018-2025 includes 50 new ocean-going vessels with average capacity of 4000 passengers [4] so the growth of cruise fl eet is expected to continue in the same manner. Fig. 1 presents number of passengers on oceangoing cruise ships in last 20 years worldwide. The Mediterranean and its adjoining seas has been one of the most dynamic cruise regions of the world in recent times. The share of the Mediterranean traffi c increased from 12,9% in 2006 to 15,8% in 2017 and as a result, the Med stands today as the second biggest cruising region of the world, following Caribbean [6]. There are four regions in the Mediterranean cruise area shown in Fig. 2. out of which Adriatic Sea is second most visited. In Mediterranean cruise traffi c Republic of Croatia is 6 th in number of passengers with 4.5% of total passengers and 5th in number of arrivals with 8.2% of total cruise calls [6].

Cruise ships
In the modern world of cruising ships come in every shape and size, from the 2,298 tons Star Clipper to the 228,081 tons Symphony ofthe Seas, Fig.3. Not everyone wants to be on a ship that offers everything and more, some people prefer mid-sized ships with a good variety of entertainment and spa treatments, and others prefer smaller, stripped down ships that concentrate on the destination. There are different approaches to defi ning the size of a ship, but the most commonly used is the one by which the size is defi ned by the ship's passenger capacity and the gross tonnage of the ship.

CRUISE SHIP TRAFFIC IN PORT OF SPLIT
The port of Split is the largest Croatian passenger port, with around 5 million passengers per year [10], while according to the statistical data it is ranked third among the ports of the Mediterranean [1]. However, only around 280,000 are passengers from cruise ships, which makes Split the second most important cruise port in Croatia, just behind Dubrovnik. In perspective of cruise passenger traffi c in the Adriatic Sea Split is 6 th with 15% of Adriatic cruise passenger traffi c while Dubrovnik is 2 nd with 16% [2]. In perspective of cruise passenger traffi c in Mediterranean Sea Split is 29 th and Dubrovnik is 12 th [6] and in perspective of cruise passenger traffi c in Europe Split is 49 th and Dubrovnik is 16 th [11].

Port of Split
The   The exact number of passengers is still unknown but it can be estimated that the number of passengers will reach 350,000.

Traffi c of large cruise ships in 5-year period
When analyzing size of the cruise ships that arrived in Port of Split in 5-year period 2014-2018 it can be calculated that cruise ships with capacity less than 500 passengers (very small and small cruise ships) have in average 49% of arrivals and only 7% of passengers in total number of arrivals/passengers. So it can be concluded that in terms of passenger traffi c from cruise ships in Port of Split, a good representation can be made if only large cruise ships (with capacity more than 500 passengers) are taken into a consideration. A detailed analysis of traf-  If Norwegian Cruise Line (13.8 arrivals a year in average) and Marella Cruises (11.6 arrivals a year in average) are added with 20% of all arrivals, it means that 20 remaining cruise lines take only 39% of cruise arrivals. In 5-year period a total of 2,364,352 passengers on large cruise ships arrived in Split. Distribution of total number of passengers in relation to cruise lines is shown in Fig. 9. Analysis of total number of passengers in relation to cruise lines shows almost the same distribution as the

PERSPECTIVE OF CRUISE SHIP TRAFFIC IN PORT OF SPLIT
Today, cruising operators must meet the challenges of the market by providing a superior onboard experience, a variety of entertainment onboard but also ashore, in cruise ports, and easy transportation to and from the ship. Port of Split has a lot to offer as a destination. The town itself has a historical core, 1700 years old, in centre of which is Diocletian Palace, one of the best-preserved monuments of the Roman architecture in the world, just 1 km walking distance from the external berths for cruisers. Newly build berths are connected by a road and have other supporting infrastructure (like bus parking space) in order to offer high quality service to passengers. In proximity of Split there is a variety of excursions available for passengers, Fig. 10, from remnants of ancient town of Salona (20 km), Ancient town of Trogir (20 km), Klis fortress (15 km), River Cetina rafting (30 km) to Krka waterfalls and island of Visovac (80 km). However, there are still some negative sides for cruise ships in Port of Split, but also from cruise ships to Port of Split. Negative sides of the Port are problems of crowding and congestion in the town centre, as a result of mentioned local line traffi c to surrounding islands and from land tourists that visit Split. Domestic transport accounts for 91% of passengers and 89% of vehicles passing through the City Port Basin [1]. Road transport is of the utmost importance for the functioning of ferry and cruiser traffi c fl ows [12] and in Port of Split it is still not resolved in a proper manner. A traffi c problem could be partially solved by relocating international maritime transport to the North Port, so it could be replaced with cruise and passenger ships, transforming the port into a solely passenger port. Also, a relocation of lines with trucks for islands' provision could relieve some pressure from the centre traffi c. As for negative sides of cruise ships, a literature is full of examples. Cruise tourism represents a high environmental impact activity with a global presence and rapid growth. It raises concerns due to its tendency of being environmental unsustainable [13]. Cruise ships represent less than 1% of the global merchant fl eet yet it has been estimated that they are responsible for 25% of all waste generated by merchant vessels [14]. Cruise ships undoubtedly have negative impact on the environment: land, sea and air. Cruise emissions cover a multitude of organic and inorganic wastes in gaseous, liquid and solid forms, from solid waste [15], hazardous waste [16], bilge water, ballast water [17] [18], sanitary wastewater [19] to [21], food waste, ash from incinerators [22], biocides [23] and arange of emissions to the atmosphere like nitrogen, sulphur and carbon oxides (NOx, SOx and COx), and fl oating particles [24] [25]. Cruise ships also bring to the recipient country lots of benefi ts. The goal is to fi nd a perfect equilibrium between the two, to ensure that the cruise tourism in Port of Split is developing in terms of sustainable development.

CONCLUSION
Cruising tourism is a growing industry with an increasing number of ships and their capacities, proven by the cruise ship order book in which an average capacity of 50 new cruise ships is 4000 passengers. At the same time, smaller and older ships are going out of work. Cruise traffi c in Port of Split is in continuous growth, both in the number of arrivals and passengers. All major cruise lines send their ships to Split and season of cruise ships in Split has expanded throughout the year. With two new berths Split can accommodate three large cruise ships at the same time, so there is still room for further growth as it is suggested by cruise announcements for 2020. However, Port of Split, as a second largest cruise destination in Croatia must evaluate the carrying capacity of their cruise traffi c in terms of sustainable development for which this paper gives a good basis. Figure 10. Excursions available for cruise passengers in Port of Split [10]