NECROTIZING SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS:AN UNPREDICTIBLE, LIFE-THREATENING INFECTIONS

Necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are serious and potentially fatal rapidly progressive and aggressive infections of subcutaneous tissue, fascia

Regarding treatment outcomes, an important predictive factor is the patient's age, even though there is no age predilection for NSTIs.Those over 50 years of age are mostly affected and have a worse prognosis (2,7,8,9).The frequency of these infections has increased in recent years, so healthcare personnel are increasingly encountering this dangerous disease.
According to earlier data from the literature, this infection is caused by polymicrobial agents, both anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.However, some studies report the prevalence of monomicrobial NSTIs to be up to 60-80%, with the causative agents most often originating from the genitourinary and digestive tracts and the skin (2).
Streptococcus pyogenes, a Gram-positive beta-hemolytic streptococcus of serological group A, is one of the most common organisms isolated in cases of NSTIs (1).If the infection is caused by Gram-negative microorganisms, the infections can take on more rapid and fulminant forms (7).According to literature data, Staphylococcus aureus plays a significant role in the development of O N L I N E F I R S T these infections in the USA, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated in 14.6% of complicated soft tissue and skin infections in a substantial number of European countries (8).An increase in Gram-negative species, predominantly Klebsiella and E. coli as the causes of these infections, is recorded in English (8).In the study by Jabbouru et al, among those who did not survive, the most frequently isolated microorganisms as contributors to this infection were Pseudomonas and Proteus (9).Fungal infections are rare and mostly published as case reports (1).
The most common sites of infection are the perineal region, scrotum, and anterior abdominal wall, but it can also occur on any part of the body.The usual symptoms related to this infection are local pain, general weakness, fever, and hypotension.Additionally, tissue swelling, odor, skin necrosis, erythema, crepitations, and bullous changes can occur.Visible changes on the skin are smaller than an infection of the tissues beneath the skin, so it is vital to recognize NSTIs before the present changes on the skin affect a larger area (2,8,9,10).The presence of comorbidities can significantly complicate the clinical picture and make treatment more difficult.The most common comorbidity in NSTIs is diabetes mellitus, and alongside it, there are also alcoholism, arterial hypertension, chronic renal and liver failure, cirrhosis, obesity, and immunosuppression.Immunosuppressed patients are more susceptible to NSTIs, and clinical findings on physical examination may be less pronounced, with nonspecific laboratory findings, making diagnosis even more challenging (1).
For the successful treatment of this infection, one of the most important factors is early recognition or suspicion of the disease.Additionally, aggressive resuscitation of the patient, the use of broadspectrum antibiotics until the causative agent is isolated, and subsequently administering antibiotics according to the antibiogram, as well as early and extensive surgical intervention, are necessary.Diagnosis of NSTI is typically based on clinical presentation.Radiological imaging and laboratory tests play a crucial role in predicting infection severity and treatment outcomes.This led to the development of the LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) scoring system.The increasing misuse of antibiotics contributes to greater resistance of microorganisms, which will likely become an even more significant problem in the future (2,11,12).Urgent surgical treatment involving the radical removal of necrotic and devitalized tissue stands as a major determinant of favorable treatment outcomes.If the initial surgical intervention is not performed within the first 24 hours of symptom onset, the mortality rate increases significantly.Literature data indicate that up to 10 surgical debridements are conducted during treatment, with an average of 2.5.The necessity of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of these infections has not been definitively proven (1-10).

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12. April MD, Long B. What is the accuracy of physical examination, imaging, and the LRINEC score for the diagnosis of necrotizing soft tissue infection?Ann Emerg Med.2019 ;73(1):22-4.doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2018.06.029.*Accepted papers are articles in press that have gone through due peer review process and have been accepted for publication by the Editorial Board of Sanamed.The final text of the article may be changed before the final publication.Accepted papers can already be cited using the year of online publication and the DOI, as follows: the author's last name and initial of the first name, article title, journal title, online first publication month and year, and the DOI.When the final article is assigned to volumes/issues of the journal, the Article in Press version will be removed and the final version will appear in the associated published volumes/issues of the journal.The date the article was made available online first will be carried over.Zogic E, Alihodzic K, Tokovic D, Nicevic A Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections: An Unpredictable, Life-Threatening Infections.Sanamed.Online First, August 2023.doi: 10.5937/sanamed0-45959 How to cite this article:O N L I N E F I R S T