Emission of Carbon Dioxide of Selected Retailers

Increased attention has been paid recently to the analysis of the effects of applying the concept of sustainable development in retail. In that context we have particularly considered greenhouse gases emission in retail. This is achieved through the use of modern ecological technology in business – through the whole value chain. The ultimate goal is to achieve the planned reductions of carbon dioxide in retail, which positively reflects the overall performance of retailers, environmental in particular. The costs of carbon dioxide emission reduction affect the performance of retailers. Continuous empirical research shows that almost all global retailers achieve a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from year to year. Empirical research conducted in this paper on the example of global retailers in the United States, Europe and the European Union, the United Kingdom, Mexico, China, Croatia and Serbia shows significant and planned reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in retail, especially in countries with developed market economies. This empirical research is mainly based on the analysis of the original sustainable (environmental and ecological) reports officially disclosed by selected retailers, primarily from the countries of a developed market economies, which they started to publish with regular annual financial statements. They are now an integral part of the so-called integrated reporting on performance of global retailers. Due to the general importance, harmonized regulations on sustainable retail reporting are being increasingly applied as a data source for more efficient environmental management. In perspective, this will ease the comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide emission of global and other retailers.


Introduction
Close attention has been recently devoted to the analysis of environmental performance in all sectors, including wholesale and retail trade. Within this, greenhouse gases emission (GHG) in retail is briefly considered. The overall goal of global retailers is to reduce carbon dioxide emissions through the entire value chain. The costs of carbon dioxide emission reduction are significant and affect the performance of retailers.
The subject of research in this paper is the significance and trend of carbon dioxide emissions in retail. Based on a comparative analysis of the original officially disclosed sustainable reports of global selective retailers, the aim of the research is to comprehensively examine the problem of carbon dioxide emissions in retail through an entire value chain and to © Filodiritto Editore -Proceedings the global, other retailers will increasingly publish reports on sustainable development (with data on carbon dioxide emissions). In this way, they will increase its information base for more efficient management of total business, including environmental protection. This will have a positive impact on the achievement of the target profit.
Main data sources for the research of the treated problem in this paper are literature, articles, publications, studies, OECD, Eurostat and, in particular, officially disclosed annual financial and sustainable reports of (global) retailers. They were processed in such a way that is easy to comprehend the significance and trend of carbon dioxide emission in retail.

Carbon dioxide emissions in retail companies
Different is the carbon dioxide emissions of individual retailers. This is shown by the results of the research in this paper.
At WalMart (United States of America, Dominant operational format: Hypermarket/Supercenter/Superstore), a great significance is given to reducing carbon dioxide emissions (Table 1). This is achieved by: investing in renewable energy sources, reducing energy demand, improving energy efficiency, improving refrigeration in stores and maximizing the efficiency of the vehicle fleet. In Best Buy (United States, Dominant operational format: Electronics Specialty), considerable attention is paid to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This is shown in Table 2.
© Filodiritto Editore -Proceedings The data in the given table show that it is planned to achieve a significant reduction in emission of greenhouse gasses in Best Buy primarily by using renewable energy sources.
At Tesco (United Kingdom, Dominant operational format: Hypermarket/Supercenter/Superstore), as with WalMart, considerable attention is paid to the research and control of carbon dioxide emissions. This positively reflects on its overall performance, including the surrounding ones. In Figure 1, an illustration of the specificity of carbon dioxide emissions measurement at Tesco is shown.   Table 3 and Figure 2 show the greenhouse gas emissions in Tesco.

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Therefore, Tesco participated in total emission of carbon dioxide through entire value chain with 9%. Table 4 shows ecological performances at Tesco.

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Tesco has tendency to improve ecological performances (carbon dioxide emission reduction, direct water consumption reduction and waste treatment improvement). This reflects favourably on its market, economic and financial performances.
Due to the increasing importance, special attention is paid to carbon dioxide emissions in Marks & Spencer (M & S) (United Kingdom, Dominant Operating Format: Department Store), as shown in Table 5. was achieved by improving energy efficiency using the so-called "green energy" through the whole value chain. In Kingfisher (United Kingdom, Dominant operational format: Home improvement), significant attention is paid to carbon dioxide emissions. Table 6 shows the dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions at Kingfisher. Company Kingfisher achieved a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 5% 2015/16 compared to 2010/11. Their goal is to achieve a reduction of up to 25% by 2020. Kingfisher has been decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from year to year. In IKEA company (Sweden, Dominant operational format: Other Specialty) that operates with furniture, considerable attention is paid to improving the research methodology and the greenhouse gas emission control system. This is shown in Table 7.  Table 8 shows the efficiency of carbon footprint in IKEA.
© Filodiritto Editore -Proceedings In IKEA, significant reduction in carbon footprint is achieved through the growing use of renewable energy. The share of renewable resources in the total consumption of electricity in IKEA year after year was as follows: FY14 -40%, FY15 -53.4% and FY16 -71.0% (IKEA Group -Sustainability Report FY16, http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_US/img/ad_ content/IKEA_Group_Sustainability_Report_FY16.pdf. Increased consumption of the so-called "green energy" has had a positive impact on the IKEA's environmental and overall performance. Also, company IKEA pays significant attention to improving the transport system (logistics) in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This is shown in Table 9. It is a general conclusion that IKEA has increased reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, which reflects favourably on its overall performance, in particular its environment.
At H & M Group (Sweden, Dominant operational format: Apparel/Footwear Specialty), considerable attention is paid to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. This is shown in Table 10.
© Filodiritto Editore -Proceedings In Inditex Group (Spain, Dominant Operating Format: Apparel/Footwear Specialty), to which Zara also belongs, considerable attention is paid to research on carbon dioxide emissions and its reduction. This is shown in Table 11.   (Fig. 4).
This reflects favourably on its overall performance, including environmental.

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Aldi (Germany, Dominant operational format: Discount Store) also publishes reports on sustainable development, in which special attention is paid to the emission of carbon dioxide. Table 12 shows the greenhouse gas emissions at Aldi. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, special attention is paid to the use of energy from renewable sources (LED lamps).
At Ahold (Germany, Dominant operational format: Supermarket), considerable attention is paid to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. This is shown in Table 13.  Significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2020 (30%) is expected at Ahold Delhaize. This will be achieved by using so-called "green energy" in business operations.
Sources of carbon dioxide emissions were: electricity 60%, cooling devices 31% and transport 9% (Ahold Delhaize Supplementary Report on Sustainable Retailing performance 2016, https://www.aholddelhaize.com/media/3984/supplementary-report-on-sustainableretailing-performance-2016.pdf. Delhaize Serbia is also part of Ahold Delhaize which employs the same sustainable development strategy and environment reporting as well as company at its higher organizational level.

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In the Fast Retailing (Japan, Dominant Operating Format: Apparel/Footwear Specialty), exceptional attention is devoted to the issue of carbon dioxide emission reduction. Figure 5 shows carbon dioxide emissions through the entire value chain in Fast Retailing.
For the purpose of more complex analyzes of greenhouse gas emissions by selected retailers, Table 16 shows the trend of greenhouse gas emissions for retailers in the United States and Great Britain.
© Filodiritto Editore -Proceedings In order to have more comprehensive understanding on differences Figure 12 presents comparative analysis of the greenhouse gas emission of US and UK retailers for the period 2006-2011. As well as in Fig. 6, the data in the given table show various annual changes in the greenhouse gas emissions between retailers UK and US. Thus, for example, in the UK, the highest annual positive percentage changes in greenhouse gas emissions are in Tesco (+5.28), and in US in the retailer Costco (5.23). Concerning the negative annual changes in the greenhouse gas emissions, the largest are in the UK in Cooperative (-7.69) and in the US in Sears (-6.05). The conclusion is that there is, to some extent, higher reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from retailers in the UK than in the US.

Carbon dioxide emissions in retail companies of Serbia
In Serbia there is a significantly smaller number of (domestic) retailers who disclose sustainable development reports compared to other countries, with the expectation that this number will increase significantly in the future. In this regard, the company of the Naftna Industija Srbije (NIS) is leading and for or a long period of time, it has regularly published a sustainable development reports, compiled in accordance with the G4 Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Guidelines. Table 17 shows the amount of air pollutants emitted in the Naftna Industija Srbije for 2014, 2015 and 2016. In Naftna Industija Srbije, appropriate measures are continuously being undertaken in order to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases in the future.

Conclusion
A growing number of retailers in the world are increasingly publishing reports on sustainable development. By their reputation, and because of its importance, other retailers will certainly tend to publish this report in the future. It provides the basis for a comparative analysis of environmental performance in retail from various aspects. In this report, special significance is given to trend of greenhouse gas emissions, in particular, carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide emissions in trade, in total and by sectors, vary by country. It is significantly higher in China than in Europe or the European Union. Likewise, carbon dioxide emissions are significantly higher in trade of France, Germany and Great Britain than in Greece, Croatia, Turkey and Serbia. Carbon dioxide emissions are higher in Croatia's trade than in Serbian. These differences are due to the application of various ecological measures in business. Carbon dioxide emissions differ in individual stages of the product life cycle, retail companies and product categories. Carbon dioxide emission generators in retail companies are: electricity, transport, ventilation, heating and cooking, refrigeration, and waste. The goal of all retailers is to take appropriate measures, primarily ecological in nature, to reach a planned reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in the future. Among other things, this is achieved with the increasing use of electricity from renewable sources (so-called "green energy"), by using modern ventilation, heating and cooking systems, refrigeration units, green logistics (ecological vehicles) and more efficient waste treatment. The effect of this is to improve the overall performance of retail companies, especially environmental.