TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH INDUSTRY 4.0 AND SOCIETY 5.0

This section provides general information about actual development directions of the concepts of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 in context of sustainable development. For the analysis of relations with sustainability of these concepts we will estimate their relations with sustainable development goals (SDGs). Also, we were investigating the case study of Russia in the context of transformation to Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. As the research results, we conclude, that further success of the digital and socio-economic transformation will directly depend on the effectiveness and consistency of the joint efforts of government structures, the business community, and social institutions, in addressing the challenges of sustainable development of the national economy.


Introduction
Scientific and technological progress has led to environmental conditions aggravation and socio-economic tensions throughout the world. Unfavorable environmental conditions complicate the task of sustainable development [1]. The achievement of key tasks of social and economic programs in most countries is increasing the welfare of the population, but does not provide the necessary quality of life. This determines the essence and direction of modern society's modernization as a process of ensuring technological progress in the field of economic development, and maintaining a safety environment constitutes the essential content of the fourth industrial revolution.
On the other hand, the fourth industrial revolution and the Industry 4.0 concept, initiate the global challenge for sustainable development [2]. From one side, industrial digitalization can make a positive contribution to the problem of emissions and resource use, and when it is necessary to use virtual reality for business projects [3,4]. Industrial digitalization could be the reason for unemployment and new social challenges [5]. This imbalance is settled by the approach of the concept Society 5.0, or smart society concept [6,7,8].
Also, it is evident that it is not possible to prevent a fourth industrial revolution and industrial digitalization, which initiates some challenges for sustainable development. But this situation was the driver for the development of a new, more sustainable concept of digitalization, Society 5.0, which is developing beyond Industry 4.0 and is oriented on sustainable development.

Theoretical Basis of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 in the context of Sustainable Development
This section provides general information about actual development directions of the concepts of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. This section is structured as follows. First, we present the concept of Industry 4.0, the main elements of the concept of Society 5.0, and their relationship. Next, we will analyze their relations with SDGs and sustainable development.
The idea of the Fourth Industrial Revolution and smart factories was first presented by the President of the world economic forum, Karl Schwab, in Davos (2017) [9]. From this moment, many scientists around the world started to research more actively and develop the idea of Industry 4.0 and smart factories, and also in national strategies or programs of economic digitalization.
The common conclusion in many of these researches is that the terms of Industry 4.0, fourth industrial revolution, and digital transformation, are considered synonymous. The foundation of smart factory and Industry 4.0 concepts is based on the massive introduction of cyber-physical systems into production, and an increase in the volume of interaction between machines in the production process by endowing them with artificial intelligence. In production, smart factories use a wide range of technologies, from 3D printing to drones, robotics, etc. [16,17].
Also, industry 4.0 is developing a variety of business models: companies looking for customeroriented solutions on the Internet, organizations that provide indirect services using platform workers, crowdsourcing, non-standard employment, etc. [18,19]. These changes allow an increase in production, improve product quality, and reduce production costs in. All these factors improve business competitiveness enormously.
However, the robotization of industrial production automatically leads to negative social consequences, namely the reduction of jobs. The solution to this problem is not encompassed by the concept of smart factories. At the same time, solving the problem for digital enterprises retraining and employing the released personnel is a necessary process to ensure the socioecological and economic sustainability of the modern world. The concepts of Industry 5.0, which was promoted by Michael Rada in 2015 [20], and Society 5.0 [21], were developed beyond the Industry 4.0 concept, as the scientific answer to the socio-economic challenges of Industry 4.0 [22,23].
The main idea of the concepts of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 is developing from digital manufacturing to digital society [24,25,26,27,28]. Social orientation and technical innovations from Industry 4.0 developed the concept of Industry 5.0 as a universal model of sustainable development. The main idea of the concepts of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 is the following: digital technologies for the development of society.
The leading scientists in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, K. Schwab and N. Davies, conclude in their publication: "To take advantage of the fourth industrial revolution, we should not consider promising technologies as simple tools that are completely under our conscious control, or as external forces that cannot be controlled.
Instead, we should try to understand how and where human values are embedded in new technologies, and how technologies can be applied for the common good, environmental protection, and human rights" [9]. The same conclusion is made by scientists for the concept of Society 5.0: according to Ozgür Onday [24], although Society 5.0 is a Japanese development system, it is not limited to Japan, since its goals are equivalent to Sustainable Development Goals [24].
On the other hand, there are also alternative points of view on the idea of Society 5.0, considering the socio-economic and cross-cultural problems of spreading the ideas of Society 5.0 [29,30,31]. Professor Bruno Salgues [28] notes the danger of underestimating, misunderstanding the consequences of upcoming social changes, and their unpredictability in the Society 5.0 concept [28].
So, sustainability is a challenge for the concept of Industry 4.0 and also for the concepts of Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0 [32,33]. It is because the concept of Society 5.0 was designed after the concept Industry 4.0. [32].
In Table 1  Also, we used the results of the research of Mayumi Fukuyama, general manager and chief information officer of the Technology Management Center, Technology Strategy Office, Research &Development Group, Hitachi, (Japan). This research is prepared by Mayumi Fukuyama and based on material from the Japan Business Federation (Keidanren) "Society 5.0 for SDGs" [6]. Due to results of analyses ( Table 1) the concept of Society 5.0, which is called as smart society, has strong relations with DSGs. In Table 1 it is presented that the concept of Industry 4.0 has relations and positive influence on 4 of 17 SDGs or 23,5% of SDGs. It confirms the fact that the concept of Industry 4.0 has not strong correlation with sustainable development and many scientists think the same [33].
Due to the Table 1, it is important to notice that the concept of Society 5.0 has relations and positively influence on all 17 SDGs [36] and could be the model of sustainable development.  Table 1 confirm the hypotheses of some researches about it [25]. Also, the concept of Society 5.0 is closely correlated with the followings SDGs as Zero Hunger (SDG 2), Clean Water and Sanitation (SDG 6), Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), Life Below Water (SDG 14), Life on Land (SDG 15) [52], which by the research of Áron Szennay, Cecília Szigeti, Norbert Kovács and Dániel Róbert Szabó strongly linked to ecological services.

Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 in Russia
In the global competition Index of the World Economic Forum (WEF) [37] Russia has 43 places in 2017 due to the high quality of education, infrastructure development and innovation potential. So, it means that that Russia has potential for the development of the concept Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 concepts are in the top of research interests of Russian scientists. Russian science citation Index (RSCI) academic service in 2020 presented more than 6 thousand publications (articles, books, conference proceedings, theses) with term "digitalization" in the title / Also RSCI indexed more than 50 thousand publications with the term "digital", about 13 thousand publications with the term "smart" and about 600 publications with the term "the fourth industrial revolution-industry 4.0".
Among the major and most well-known works of Russian researchers in the field of the fourth industrial revolution and digitalization of the economy are, in particular, publications Medovnikov D., Oganesyan T., Styrin E., Abdrakhmanova G., Rozmirovich S., Merkulova D., Bikbulatova Yu. [13], Glazyev S. [38] and others.
The key issue of most Russian research on the subject under analysis is the challenges and opportunities that are relevant for domestic business in various sectors, as well as for public administration, education, and other areas of the economy and society in connection with the expansion and increasing pace of digitalization. Leading Russian universities and business schools, such as the Higher School of Economics, business-school Skolkovo and others, are engaged in studying the process of digitalization of the economy in Russia.
Due to one of the best researches of leading national universities Russia, HSE, Russia is still on the way to Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0. Due to this research almost 60% of the urban population in Russia is well provided with digital services and more than 50% of citizens have local digital services in cities of the Russian Federation (Results of report "Digitalization in small and medium cities of Russia" of Graduate School of Urbanism HSE, 2018) [39]. For cities situation is totally opposite and should be developed. Especially because of agglomeration reason [40], because digitalization of big cities influences positively on the speed of digitalization of small cities in surrounded [41,42].
Also, this research group form Russian university HSE compare digital skills of Russia with world, Western Europe and Eastern Europe [39]. The results of HSE research proved that that there are no strong imbalances between federal districts of Russia and it means that the situation with Affordability of local digital services in Russian cities equable for all country [43]. The leading federal district is Ural federal district, the leading city is the capital of the country, Moscow [43].
According to researches of other Russian scientists [44,45,46,47,48,49,50] and to results of HSE research [39,43] development of the digital economy in Russia as a key factor in economic growth and improving the quality of life of the population, awareness of the need for digital transformation at both the company and state levels will definitely come. But this will happen when most of the new digital markets have already been formed, and new technologies have been developed and patented by foreign companies. Also, the field of citizens and cities digitalization is investigated good, but there are no detailed official statistics or research about Russian business transformation in digitalization. We propose that it will be very difficult for Russian businesses to integrate into the digital ecosystem because of economic and social reasons.

Conclusion
Industry 4.0 start to implement in all world and it is not possible to stop this process. In the most progressing cases the concept of Industry 4.0 id transforming to Society 5.0, which is the model of sustainable development.
On the case study of Russia, it can be concluded that the economy of the Russia and Russian business community are still on the way to a digital society, Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0.I. The further success of the digital and socio-economic transformation of worlds economy it will directly depend on the effectiveness and consistency of joint efforts of government structures, the business community and social institutions in addressing the challenges of sustainable development of the national economy.