Chromosomes Aberations and Enviromental Factors A

Explanation the topic: Changes in genetic material can lead to aberrant cell in the direction of disorders of cellular regulation, malignant transformation, cell death, or if the adjustment was made at the level of the reproductive cells, to genetic changes in some of the consequent off spring. The topic position in scientifi c/professional public: Breaking of chromosomes can occur spontaneously or can be induced. Chromatid/chromosome breakings can be induced by diff erent environmental factors: chemicals, biological clastogenic agents, accidentally or intentionally. Conclusions: The authors suggest: making conditions for strong respect of environmental regulations; to use higher plants for the early detection of environmental mutagens; create and orderly update National radionuclide database.


EXPLANATION THE TOPIC
Analysis of the human karyotype to metaphase chromosomes allows a clear insight into the presence of structural and numerical chromosome aberrations, which represent the change in structure and number of chromosomes with respect to a normal human chromosome complement [1,2].
Some aberrant cells (a cell with the aberrations of chromosomes) are able to survive up to 10 cell divisions due to the presence of unstable structural chromosomal aberrations, while the other may carry the stable chromosomal aberrations (inversions, translocations) and by dividing survive a large number of off spring [3].
Changes in genetic material can lead to aberrant cell in the direction of disorders of cellular regulation, malignant transformation, cell death, or if the adjustment was made at the level of the reproductive cells, to genetic changes in some of the consequent off spring [1,2,3].
Th e infl uence of radiation on DNA in the G0 or G1 phase of the cell cycle, may cause discontinuation in the DNA, which are duplicated in the S phase of the cell cycle.If they are not removed by enzymes of reparative system, these radiolesions can be detected as structural chromosomal aberrations.Th e single-stranded, chromatid discontinuations are repaired [4,5].Unstable structural chromosome aberrations such as dicentric type, ring chromosomes or acentric fragments are used as biomarkers of ionizing radiation activity.Th ese structural chromosome aberrations make highest percentage of unstable aberrations in in vitro irradiation of the cell population of lymphocytes.Th ey are indicators of a recent irradiation and exposure [6,7].

THE TOPIC POSITION IN SCIENTIFIC/PROFESSIONAL PUBLIC
Breaking of chromosomes can occur spontaneously or can be induced.Spontaneous chromatid/chromosome discontinuations and resulting structural chromosomal rearrangementsdo not occur rarely.Th ere are indications that the frequency of their occurrence is in a positive correlation with age [4,8].Chromatid/ chromosome breakings can also be induced by the action of various clastogenic agents (fracturing chromosomes).
Chemicals: exposing to complex mixtures of chemicals such as heavy metals, diesel emission particles and dust many of which are known as environmental chromosomal aberrations inducers [9].Chemical mutagenesis and chromosomal changes have been reported in human population groups with occupational exposure to specifi c chemicals, such as lead, vinyl chloride, benzene (an industrial solvent and precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber and dyes) pesticides, and styrene.In the exterior surrounding, the best known mutagens include the following metals: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel [10,11].
Some study strongly suggests that exposure to pentachlorophenol, lindane, transfl uthrin, cyfl uthrin, and natural pyrethrum has a genotoxic eff ect on the epithelial cells of human nasal mucosa [12].Fungicide, insecticides, pesticides, herbicides are the most frequently etiologic factor for chromosomal break [12].
It is found the enriched uranium caused breaks in the chromosomes that make up the DNA.Called clastogenic damage, the eff ects were related to the amount of radiation the enriched uranium released [9,13,14].Aromatic amines and amides have been associated with carcinogenesis since 1895 when German physician Ludwig Rehn observed high incidence of bladder cancer among workers in German synthetic aromatic amine dye industry [15].
Environmental Radiation or "ubiquitous background radiation" is emitted from both natural and human-made radioactive chemicals (radionuclides) [16,17].Th e radionuclides that enter the body are: terrestrial (uranium, thorium and their decay products, as well as potassium-40) and cosmogenic.Th e radionuclides enter the body through the food we eat, water we drink, and air we breathe [18,19].According to the period of taking eff ect and the impact on the human body environmental radiation could be: In addition to protect habitants living on harmful environmental conditions it would be useful to have radionuclide database, as some high developed countries have [19].Lymphocyte cells has high sensitivity to evaluate radiation damage.Radioexposion biomarker is presence of binuclear lymphocytes.Th e fundamental frequency of micronuclei in binuclear cells is quite variable.Value ranging from 2-36 micronuclei per 1000 binuclear cells [20,21].Moreover, dependence on age and gender is noted l [4].Also, the frequency of micronuclei is variable in relation to the diet [22], and an increased incidence of micronucleus can be seen in correlation with the operation of its various physical, chemical and biological agents (clastogenic agents) [21,23].
Environmental factors can induce chromosomal aberrations (CAs) usually divided into chromosome-type (CSAs) and chromatid-type aberrations (CTAs), whereas CSAs are good biomarkers for the prediction of cancer development [24].A high and stable yield of CSAs persisted at least 1 year aft er exwww.hophonline.orgternal irradiation.Th e nature of the volume irradiated containing large blood vessels was the major determinant of the observed biologic dose [24,25].
War situation can permanently damage environment, and thus lead to potential health endangerment for the next hundred years or more.In this way, we cannot count the generations that carry chromosomal abnormalities to their off spring.An example is a war activity such as NATO air strikes with anti tank ammunition containing depleted uranium [2].We suggest further investigation to evaluate the levels of radioactivity in indoor environments, which will refl ect more closely the risks of the local population.
In research of experimental treatment of animals with non-genotoxic compounds, could form the mechanistic basis for what is called "spontaneous" tumor incidence when experimental animals' endogenous genotoxicity is present.Th e presence of endogenous DNA damage implies that exogenous DNAcarcinogen adducts give rise to an incremental damage which is expected to be proportional to the carcinogen dose at the lowest levels.An increased tumor risk due to exposure to exogenous genotoxic carcinogens could therefore be assessed in terms of the background DNA damage, for instance in multiples of the mean level or of the inter individual variability in a population.With endogenous DNA damage being present as a background, the additional risk from exogenous increments could be rated in relation to this unavoidable aspect of carcinogenesis [26].
Biological clastogenic agents: Chromosomal aberrations are described aft er EBV infection, polio virus, herpes virus, chickenpox, mumps virus, hepatitis viruses (B and C), infl uenza viruses, cytomegalovirus, as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis [27].Higher plants are recognized as excellent indicators of cytogenetic and mutagenic eff ects of environmental chemicals and are applicable for the detection of environmental mutagens both indoor and outdoor [28].

CONCLUSION
Further action needed for better environmental health in the future: Chemical substances are an essential part of modern life so the protection of them is in the proper handling and respectful procedures for chemical substances.To raise awareness, health professionals need to pay greater attention to the environmental condition.It is clear that as some civilization global developing and at the same time eco-destructive processes are not possible to terminate, it is necessary to increase the level of knowledge that would enable us to survive.Th e authors suggest: -making conditions for strong respect of environmental regulations; -to use higher plants for the early detection of environmental mutagens; -create and orderly update National radionuclide database.
a) Short-Term Health Eff ects of Radiation Exposure and Contamination: Acute Radiation Syndrome (Radiation sickness, known as acute radiation syndrome (ARS) and Cutaneous Radiation Injury b) Long-Term Health Eff ects of Radiation Exposure and Contamination: Cancer, Prenatal Radiation Exposure, Mental Health.